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Molecular biology

AP Biology Campbell 9th Chapter 20 outline

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Chapter 20 Biotechnology Lecture Outline Overview: The DNA Toolbox ? In 1995, researchers sequenced the entire genome of a free-living organism, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. ? A mere 12 years later, genome sequencing was under way for more than 2,000 species. ? By 2007, researchers had completely sequenced hundreds of prokaryotic genomes and dozens of eukaryotic ones, including all 3 billion base pairs of the human genome. ? Rapid advances in DNA technology?methods of working with and manipulating DNA?had their roots in the 1970s. ? A key accomplishment was the invention of techniques for making recombinant DNA, DNA molecules formed when segments of DNA from two different sources?often different species?are combined in vitro.

AP Biology Chapter 7 questions

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AP Biology Chapter 7

13. Explain how transport proteins are similar to enzymes. The transport proteins of the plasma membrane are similar to enzymes in that they sometimes catalyze one of a number of steps of a metabolic pathway. 14. Explain how transport proteins facilitate diffusion.

DNA Technology and Genomics

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Chapter 20 DNA Technology and Genomics Overview: Understanding and Manipulating Genomes One of the great achievements of modern science has been the sequencing of the human genome, which was largely completed by 2003. Progress began with the development of techniques for making recombinant DNA, in which genes from two different sources?and often different species?are combined in vitro into the same molecule. The methods for making recombinant DNA are central to genetic engineering, the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. Applications include the introduction of a desired gene into the DNA of a host that will produce the desired protein.

Campbell Bio lectures 2

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Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Overview: Life?s Operating Instructions In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick introduced an elegant double-helical model for the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA DNA, the substance of inheritance, is the most celebrated molecule of our time Hereditary information is encoded in DNA and reproduced in all cells of the body This DNA program directs the development of biochemical, anatomical, physiological, and (to some extent) behavioral traits Concept 16.1: DNA is the genetic material Early in the 20th century, the identification of the molecules of inheritance loomed as a major challenge to biologists The Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry

Ch 17 Study guide from biologyjunction

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Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Lecture Outline Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands. The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins. Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages called transcription and translation. Proteins are the links between genotype and phenotype. For example, Mendel?s dwarf pea plants lack a functioning copy of the gene that specifies the synthesis of a key protein, gibberellin. Gibberellins stimulate the normal elongation of stems. Concept 17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation

DNA NOTES

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The Discovery of DNA Griffith and Transformation: Transformation: One strain of bacteria (harmless) had changed into disease-causing strain Meant gene with info was transferred from heat-killed into live cells Avery tried to break down the heat-killed bacteria with enzyme that would usually break up DNA, but it didn?t Avery concluded that DNA is nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic info from 1 generation to another Hershey and Chase Experiment: Studied bacteriophages (viruses) ?bacteria eaters? made of DNA/RNA and protein coat Bacteriophages inject DNA into bacteria, the viral genes act to produce many new bacteriophages and burst of out cell Conclusion: using radioactive markers, genetic material of bacteriophage was DNA not protein The Structure of DNA

Proteins and Nucleic Acids

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Protein types: enzymatic structural storage transport hormonal receptor contractile Building Blocks Amino acids -> Proteins Nucleotides -> DNA/RNA Shape and color are important features of building blocks Protein/Amino Acids monomer = amino acid polymer = joined by peptide bonds (dehydration reaction) Dehydration process Polymerizing amino acids ? R group dictates what the polypeptide will do Hydrophobic = CH 3 ; Hydrophilic = -OH, -SH- NH (charged particles R Groups 20 different life-building side chains (amino acids) Polypeptide polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule

What is Biology?

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The definition of Biology
Biology is the study of life. Alongside physics and chemistry, biology is one of the largest and most important branches of science. At the highest level, biology is broken down based on the type of organism being studied: zoology, the study of animals; botany, of plants; and microbiology, of microorganisms. Each field has contributed to mankind or the Earth’s well-being in numerous ways. Most prominently: botany, to agriculture; zoology, to livestock and protection of ecologies; and microbiology, to the study of disease and ecosystems in general.

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