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evolution

APES CHAPTER 4

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Exam 4 review sheet Chapter 3 Hydro cycle Solar energy heats Earth, and causes evaporation Evaporated water condenses into clouds Water returns to Earth as precipitation Precipitation falling on land is taken up by plants, runs off along the land surface, or percolates into the soil and enters the groundwater Carbon cycle Carbon is the most important element in living organisms makes up 20 percent of total body weight. Produces convert CO2 into sugars Sugars are converted back into CO2 Some carbon can be buried Human extraction of fossil fuels brings carbon to Earth?s surface, where it can be combusted C02 in the atmosphere and CO2 dissolved in water are constantly exchanged Combustion converts fossil fuels and plant material into CO2 Nitrogen cycle

chapter 26 notes

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Chapter 26 Rooted Tree- has an ancestor common to all organisms on the tree Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Node- spot where a common ancestor exists of branches coming off of it Phylocode method of classification- naming based on similarities Homoplasy- a trait (genetic, morphological etc.) that is shared by two or more taxa because of convergent evolution i.e. 4 chambered heart in mammals and birds Clade- a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants, a single "branch" Cladistics- grouped together based on whether or not they have one or more shared unique characteristics that come from the group's last common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors

Biology Study Guide

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Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 25: Phylogeny and Systematics Chapter Questions 1) Which combination of the following species characteristics would cause the greatest likelihood of fossilization in sedimentary rock? I. The species was abundant. II. The species was widespread. III. The species had hard body parts. IV. The species was adapted to desert life. V. The species had a long duration in geologic time. A) III only B) III and IV C) I, II, and III D) I, II, and V E) I, II, III, and V Answer: E Topic: Concept 25.1 Skill: Comprehension 2) The ostrich and the emu look very similar and live in similar habitats, however they are not very closely related. This is an example of A) divergent evolution. B) convergent evolution. C) exaptation. D) adaptive radiation.

Evidence of Evolution

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IB Biology Evolution We are all related, one big family in the ?tree of life? We are not just a HUMAN FAMILY ? we are a LIVING family Evolution Do you mean the yeast are OUR distant cousins? Some thoughtful questions? What happened when scientist Paul Nurse added human DNA to the yeast cells? What does this indicate about the evolutionary history of yeast and humans? An interactive website for you to go to Standard 5.4.1 Define Evolution The cumulative change of heritable characteristics of a population Cumulative change ? small changes upon small changes that add up to large changes over long time scales and many generations! Heritable characteristics ? traits controlled by the genes Population ? not an individual 5.4.2

Campbell study guide introduction to evolution

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Chapter 22 pages 428 ? 430 What is the full name of the book that Darwin published and what was the date of publication? What are the four manners in which this book focused biologists? attention on the great diversity of organisms? What are the two points that Darwin made in his book? What is natural selection? What is the result of natural selection? In what two ways did this book ?rock the house,? in other words why was it truly radical? What was the conventional paradigm (the prevailing view) of life at the time of Darwin?s publication? Plato was one of the philosophers that had great influence on western culture. What was Plato?s view of life? How about Aristotle, what was his view? Explain the philosophy that dominated biology in the 1700s.

Biology Studyguide

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Unit 1: Scientific Method and Interdependence: Chapters 1, 33 - 36 Chapter 1: The Study of Life Hierarchy of levels: Atoms to molecules to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms. Characteristics of life, and definition of life: Life is characterized by (1) organization, (2) acquisition of materials and energy, (3) reproduction, (4) responses to stimuli, (5) homeostasis, (6) growth and development and (7) the capacity to adapt. Classification system to group organisms (DKPCOFGS): Systematics: Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. Human classification: Domain Euakarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata (vertebrae) Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens

Campbell Biology Chapter 1 outline

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CHAPTER 1 *** January 9th, 2013 2 BIOLOGY IS? Life is made of: The properties of Life: Order Evolutionary adaptation Response to the environment Reproduction Growth & Development Energy processing Regulation EVOLUTION: THE PROCESS OF CHANGE THAT HAS TRANSFORMED LIFE ON EARTH Fossils Prove Evolution Darwin?s Origin of Species (1859) ?Decent with Modification? Descent with modification refers to the passing on of traits from parent organisms to their offspring. This passing on of traits is known as heredity, and the basic unit of heredity is the gene. History of Human Evolution Natural Selection

evolution, cesarean sections

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ANNALS OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, 1978, VOL. 5, NO. 5, 487--489 Natural selection and birthweight N. BLURTON JONES Department of Growth and Development, Institute of Child Health, University of London [Received 23 March 1978; revised 6 May 1978] Summary. Mean birthweight, even before induced births became commonplace, is slightly lower than the birthweight at which peri- natal mortality is lowest. This finding, once hard to explain by natural selection, is shown to be exactly in line with predictions from natural selection theory. 1. Introduction Karn and Penrose (1952) showed that mean birthweight in man was slightly lower than the "optimum" birthweight, defined as the weight at which perinatal

evolution and cesarean sections

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British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology October 1998, Vol. 105, pp. 1052-1055 HYPOTHESIS Caesarean section: an evolving procedure? Almost 140 years after the publication of the theory of evolution by natural selection?, arguably one of the greatest achievements of science, we persist in failing to appreciate its proper application to the human species. We have a natural tendency to see ourselves as the unchanging pinnacle of creation, the supreme creation of nature, as if evolution were a ladder with Homo supiens at the top. Instead, we should see evolution as a tree, which proceeds by branching and not (usually) by wholesale transfor- mation and replacement?. Each currently extant twig survives, not because it is ideally suited to its environ-

Powerpoint: Multicellularity, Plate tectonics, Mass extinction, Adaptive radiation, Evolution, Cladistics

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