Adenosine triphosphate

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Anaerobic respiration

Citric acid cycle

Crista

Adenosine diphosphate

1 B io F actsheet January 1998 Number 12 Respiration Aerobic respiration can be divided into four stages: 1. Glycolysis (G) 2. The Link reaction (LR) 3. Kreb?s cycle (K) 4. The electron transfer chain (ETC) These take place in different parts of the cell (Table 1) and the detailed biochemistry of these reactions is shown overleaf. Respiratory quotients The respiratory quotient (RQ) is defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed per unit time by an organism: volume of CO2 produced volume of O2 consumed Different substances give different RQ values Cellular respiration is the process by which the energy contained in organic molecules is made available for all of the active

Ap bio cell respiration4 ppt

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Cellular respiration

Biochemistry

Cell biology

Chemiosmosis

Crista

Mitochondrion

Cytochrome c oxidase

Intermembrane space

Cellular Respiration Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain Cellular respiration What?s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP ATP accounting so far? Glycolysis ? 2 ATP Kreb?s cycle ? 2 ATP Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second There?s got to be a better way! I need a lot more ATP! There is a better way! Electron Transport Chain series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane along cristae transport proteins & enzymes transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose! only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration) O2 That sounds more like it! Mitochondria Double membrane outer membrane inner membrane

Ap bio cell respiration3 ppt

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Acetyl-CoA

Mitochondrion

Mitochondrial matrix

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Overview 10 reactions convert glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C) produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH consumes: 2 ATP net: 2 ATP & 2 NADH glucose C-C-C-C-C-C fructose-1,6bP P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P DHAP P-C-C-C G3P C-C-C-P pyruvate C-C-C ATP 2 ADP 2 ATP 4 ADP 4 NAD+ 2 2 2Pi 2Pi 2H Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle Glycolysis is only the start Glycolysis Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation of sugar to CO2 pyruvate ? ? ? ? ? ? CO2 2x 6C 3C glucose ? ? ? ? ? pyruvate 3C 1C Cellular respiration Mitochondria ??Structure Double membrane energy harvesting organelle smooth outer membrane highly folded inner membrane cristae

Ch 7 Study Guide

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Chemiosmosis

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Carbohydrate catabolism

AP Biology Name ____Ryan Hanssens_______ Chapter 9 Guided Reading Assignment ?Hint: review the concept check questions ? these are great quick quiz questions!? Define the two catabolic pathways: Fermentation ? a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen? Cellular respiration ? when oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel; most efficient catabolic pathway; mitochondria house most of the metabolic equipment needed ??

Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Ch. 8 Metabolism

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Enzymes

Product

Non-competitive inhibition

CHAPTER 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Metabolism is the totality of an organism?s chemical reactions Manage the materials and energy resources of a cell Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds Eg. digestive enzymes break down food ? release energy Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones Eg. amino acids link to form muscle protein ENERGY = CAPACITY TO DO WORK Kinetic energy (KE): energy associated with motion Heat (thermal energy) is KE associated with random movement of atoms or molecules Potential energy (PE): stored energy as a result of its position or structure Chemical energy is PE available for release in a chemical reaction Energy can be converted from one form to another

Molecular Bionumbers Notes

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DNA

Useful fundamental numbers in molecular biology The numbers quoted here were extracted from the literature. They should only serve as ?rule of thumb? values. Consult the full references to learn about the specific system under study, growth conditions, measurement method etc. Full references at: www.bioNumbers.org Cell sizes: Bacteria (e.coli): ~1mm diameter, 2mm length, ~1mm3 in volume; 109cells/ml in an overnight culture (OD600~1) Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae): ~5 mm diameter, ~50 mm3 in volume Mammalian (HELA) cell - ~2,000 mm3 in volume, adherent cell on a slide ~20 mm diameter ? ~100,000 cells in a confluent well of a 96 multiwell plate Organelles and cell constituents: Mammalian cell nucleus ~10 micron diameter

ATP Production

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Electrochemical gradient

Metabolism

Citric acid cycle

ATP synthase

Mitochondria and Oxidative Phosphorylation Controlled oxidation of sugars Breaks down sugar in a number of small stepwise events = more efficient NADH and FADH2 carry energy in the form of high energy electrons Produce these molecules as a way to transport high energy electrons (Energy is stored as redox potential) These electrons will be transferred to the electron transport chain Glycolysis occurs in a stepwise process NADH is an energy carrier (energy will be harvested later) Some ATP is produced directly Most of the energy is still stored in pyruvate molecules Citric acid/tricarboxylic acid/Krebs cycle Oxidize pyruvate Yield for every 2 molecules of acetyl CoA: 2 GTP + 2 FADH2 + 6 NADH + 4 CO2

science

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Kinase