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Valence electron

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 5a

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Periodic The Table 1 Lavoisier Made the first list of 30 substances he thought were elements D?bereiner Created a list of elements based on triads triads: groups of 3 elements with similar properties Created a list of elements based on triads problem with triads: Soon more elements were found; there were more than 3 similar elements to a group. D?bereiner periodicity repetition of a property on a regular basis Newlands Arranged elements by atomic mass Observed the ?law of octaves? Every 8th element repeats properties. Included the transition metals Mendeleev Developed the periodic table by arranging elements by atomic mass (like Newlands) Included the transition metals (like Newlands) Mendeleev Left blanks when properties or mass did not fit

Campbell Biology Test Bank Chapter 2

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life This chapter presents basic chemical principles for understanding the chemical context of living organisms, from atomic structure to the nature of chemical bonds and an introduction to chemical equilibrium. These questions focus on elements most important to life or the study of life, including the elements that comprise organic molecules and important trace elements. Some isotopes are important in geologic dating and in biological tracer studies. How elements participate in forming different types of chemical bonds is essential to mastering subsequent topics on the behavior and properties of biological molecules, structures, and energy metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions

Chapter 8

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Claire Rafson Chapter 8 Notes 8.1- Bond Energy- The strength of a bonding interaction. The energy required to break the bond. Why do bonds occur? So the system can achieve the lowest possible energy by behaving in this way. Ionic bonding- electrostatic attractions of the closely packed, oppositiyly charged ions. Ionic compound- Metal reacts with a nonmetal Coulombs law- interaction between pair of ions. E= (2.31X 10^-19 J* nm) (Q1Q2/r) A bond will form if the energy of the aggregate is lower than that of the separated atoms. Covalent bonds- type of bonding in which electrons are shared by nuclei. (i.e Hydrogen bonding) Polar Covalent Bond- Atoms are different enough that they have unequal sharing results. 8.2-

Chapter 8 Solutions

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Periodic Properties of the Elements Review Questions 8.1 A periodic property is one that is predictable based on the element's position within the periodic table. 8.2 The relative size of the sodium and potassium ions is important to nerve signal transmission. The pumps and channels within cell membranes are so sensitive that they can distinguish between the sizes of these two ions and selectively allow only one or the other to pass. The movement of ions is the basis for the transmission of nerve signals in the brain and throughout the body. 8.3 The first attempt to organize the elements according to similarities in their properties was made by the German chemist Johann Dobereiner. He grouped elements into triads; three ele-

Chapter 8 Test Banks

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? Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (Tro) ? Chapter 8 ?? Periodic Properties of the Elements ? 1) ?? Give the ground state electron configuration for Se. ? A) ?? [Ar]4s23d104p4 ? B) ?? [Ar]4s24d104p4 ? C) ?? [Ar]4s23d104p6 ? D) ?? [Ar]4s23d10 ? E) ?? [Ar]3d104p4 ? Answer: ?? A ? 2) ?? Give the ground state electron configuration for I. ? A) ?? [Kr]5s24d105p6 ? B) ?? [Kr]5s24d105p5 ? C) ?? [Kr]4d105p6 ? D) ?? [Kr]5s25p6 ? E) ?? [Kr]5s25d105p6 ? Answer: ?? B ? 3) ?? Give the ground state electron configuration for Sr. ? A) ?? [Kr]5s24d2 ? B) ?? [Kr]5s24d105p2 ? C) ?? [Kr]5s2 ? D) ?? [Kr]5s25d105p2 ? E) ?? [Kr]5s24d10 ? Answer: ?? C ? 4) ?? Give the ground state electron configuration for Pb. ? A) ?? [Xe]6s26p2 ? B) ?? [Xe]6s25d106p2 ? C) ?? [Xe]6s25f146d106p2 ? D) ??

APBIOLOGY

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Chapter?1 Introduction:?Themes?in?the?Study?of?Life Multiple-Choice?Questions 1) Which?of?the?following?properties?or?processes?do?we?associate?with?living?things? A) evolutionary?adaptations B) energy?processing C) responding?to?the?environments D) growth?and?reproduction E) all?of?the?above Answer: E Topic: Overview Skill: Knowledge/Application 2) Which?of?the?following?is?not?a?theme?that?unifies?biology? A) interaction?with?the?environment B) emergent?properties C) evolution D) reductionism E) structure?and?function Answer: D Topic: Concept?1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Application 3) Which?of?the?following?sequences?represents?the?hierarchy?of?biological?organization?from?the?least?to?the?most complex?level? A) organelle,?tissue,?biosphere,?ecosystem,?population,?organism

APBIOLOGY

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Chapter?1 Introduction:?Themes?in?the?Study?of?Life Multiple-Choice?Questions 1) Which?of?the?following?properties?or?processes?do?we?associate?with?living?things? A) evolutionary?adaptations B) energy?processing C) responding?to?the?environments D) growth?and?reproduction E) all?of?the?above Answer: E Topic: Overview Skill: Knowledge/Application 2) Which?of?the?following?is?not?a?theme?that?unifies?biology? A) interaction?with?the?environment B) emergent?properties C) evolution D) reductionism E) structure?and?function Answer: D Topic: Concept?1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Application 3) Which?of?the?following?sequences?represents?the?hierarchy?of?biological?organization?from?the?least?to?the?most complex?level? A) organelle,?tissue,?biosphere,?ecosystem,?population,?organism

The Chemistry Of Life

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Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Elements and Compounds An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride Essential Elements of Life Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter Trace elements are those required by an organism in minute quantities LE 2-3 Nitrogen deficiency Iodine deficiency LE 2-4 Nucleus Electrons Cloud of negative charge (2 electrons) Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Atoms of the various elements differ in number of subatomic particles Atomic number Mass number Atomic mass Isotopes Atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in number of neutrons

The Chemistry Of Life

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Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Elements and Compounds An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride Essential Elements of Life Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter Trace elements are those required by an organism in minute quantities LE 2-3 Nitrogen deficiency Iodine deficiency LE 2-4 Nucleus Electrons Cloud of negative charge (2 electrons) Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Atoms of the various elements differ in number of subatomic particles Atomic number Mass number Atomic mass Isotopes Atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in number of neutrons

Chemistry

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Chemistry Study Guide Unit 1: Measurement and the Methods of Chemistry Counting significant figures: 1) leading zeros never count 2) Trailing zeros only count if there is a decimal point written 3) All numbers that aren?t leading or trailing zeros count Unit 2: Atomic Structure, Periodicity, and Nuclear Energy Proton: +1 (charge) Neutron: 0 (charge) Electron: -1 (charge) Atomic number= number of protons within an atom Atomic mass= total weight of the atom. P+N If there is a power to the left of the element, that implies the mass. Isotope: same atom with same atomic number, but different number of neutrons. Different weight. Neutrons and protons are INSIDE nucleus. Electrons on orbitals. Valence electrons= electrons on outermost shell. The electrons that do all reactions.

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