Orbital hybridisation

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Chemical bonding

Antibonding molecular orbital

Molecular orbital

Covalent bond

Pi bond

1 Chapter 9 - Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model A. Hybridization 1. The mixing of two or more atomic orbitals of similar energies on the same atom to produce new orbitals of equal energies B. Hybrid Orbitals 1. Orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two or more orbitals on the same atom C. Evidence for hybridization of carbon - Methane and sp3 1. Four bonds of equal length and strength Carbon's isolated configuration Carbon's hybridized configuration 2. Four effective pairs of electrons surround the carbon 3. "Whenever a set of equivalent tetrahedral atomic orbitals is required by an atom, this model assumes that the atom adopts a set of sp3 orbitals; the atom becomes hybridized"

Principles of Chemistry Chapter 7

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Pi bond

Valence

Chapter 7: Chemical Bonding Section 7.3: The Covalent Bond Wednesday, October 1, 2014 1:55 PM Covalent bonds - attractive force resulting from the sharing of electrons between pairs of atoms ? Chemical Bonds and Energy ? Driving force between all bond formation is lowering overall energy (NOTE: attractive interactions lower potential energy) ? Typically in interactions between nonmetals! ? -point of minimum energy in a system = formation of covalent bond Bond energy - energy released when isolated atoms form a covalent bond Bond length - distance between the nuclei of bonded atoms ? Formation of a chemical bond always releases energy Bond strength is determined by the amount of energy released in the formation of that bond (more released energy means stronger bond) ?

Organic Chapter 2 ppt

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Pi bond

Chapter 2 Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 2 * Sigma Bonding Electron density lies between the nuclei. A bond may be formed by s-s, p-p, s-p, or hybridized orbital overlaps. => Chapter 2 Chapter 2 * Pi Bonding Pi bonds form after sigma bonds. Sideways overlap of parallel p orbitals. => Chapter 2 Chapter 2 * Multiple Bonds A double bond (2 pairs of shared electrons) consists of a sigma bond and a pi bond. A triple bond (3 pairs of shared electrons) consists of a sigma bond and two pi bonds. => Chapter 2 Chapter 2 * Molecular Shapes Bond angles cannot be explained with simple s and p orbitals. Use VSEPR theory.

AP BIO Chapter 02

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Proton

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life This chapter presents basic chemical principles for understanding the chemical context of living organisms, from atomic structure to the nature of chemical bonds and an introduction to chemical equilibrium. These questions focus on elements most important to life or the study of life, including the elements that comprise organic molecules and important trace elements. Some isotopes are important in geologic dating and in biological tracer studies. How elements participate in forming different types of chemical bonds is essential to mastering subsequent topics on the behavior and properties of biological molecules, structures, and energy metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions

AP BIO CHP 2 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life This chapter presents basic chemical principles for understanding the chemical context of living organisms, from atomic structure to the nature of chemical bonds and an introduction to chemical equilibrium. These questions focus on elements most important to life or the study of life, including the elements that comprise organic molecules and important trace elements. Some isotopes are important in geologic dating and in biological tracer studies. How elements participate in forming different types of chemical bonds is essential to mastering subsequent topics on the behavior and properties of biological molecules, structures, and energy metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions

Chapter 10

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Chemistry 1210: Introduction to General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 26 Nov. 2012 Jespersen, Hyslop, & Brady Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure VSEPR Theory Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model: 1. e- pairs repel each other 2. e- pairs position themselves in 3D to minimize repulsion Molecules have well defined shapes based on their electronic structure. Molecular Structure: Shapes of molecules The shapes of molecules are derived from 5 different geometric structures that are classified by number of electron domains contained around the central atom. Two types of electron domains: Bonding domains (e- pairs in bonds) Nonbonding domains (e- pairs associated with a single atom)

Campbell AP Bio Study Guide Chapter 2

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life This chapter presents basic chemical principles for understanding the chemical context of living organisms, from atomic structure to the nature of chemical bonds and an introduction to chemical equilibrium. These questions focus on elements most important to life or the study of life, including the elements that comprise organic molecules and important trace elements. Some isotopes are important in geologic dating and in biological tracer studies. How elements participate in forming different types of chemical bonds is essential to mastering subsequent topics on the behavior and properties of biological molecules, structures, and energy metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions

Campbell Biology Test Bank Chapter 2

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Proton

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life This chapter presents basic chemical principles for understanding the chemical context of living organisms, from atomic structure to the nature of chemical bonds and an introduction to chemical equilibrium. These questions focus on elements most important to life or the study of life, including the elements that comprise organic molecules and important trace elements. Some isotopes are important in geologic dating and in biological tracer studies. How elements participate in forming different types of chemical bonds is essential to mastering subsequent topics on the behavior and properties of biological molecules, structures, and energy metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions

Chemistry The central science Summary Chapter 9

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Chapter 9- Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 9.1 Molecular Shapes Lewis structures give atomic connectivity: they tell us which atoms are physically connected to which atoms. Whenever two atoms or ions are strongly attached to each other we say there is a chemical bond. Three general types of chemical bonds: ionic , covalent and metallic. We will encounter 11 basic molecular shapes: The shape of a molecule is determined by its bond angles. Bond angles The angles made by the lines joining the nuclei of the atoms in a molecule Consider CCl4: Experimentally we find all Cl?C?Cl bond angles are 109.5?. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model.

The Chemistry Of Life

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Theoretical chemistry

Chemical bond

Valence electron