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Unpaired electron

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 9 Notes

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1 Chapter 9 - Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model A. Hybridization 1. The mixing of two or more atomic orbitals of similar energies on the same atom to produce new orbitals of equal energies B. Hybrid Orbitals 1. Orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two or more orbitals on the same atom C. Evidence for hybridization of carbon - Methane and sp3 1. Four bonds of equal length and strength Carbon's isolated configuration Carbon's hybridized configuration 2. Four effective pairs of electrons surround the carbon 3. "Whenever a set of equivalent tetrahedral atomic orbitals is required by an atom, this model assumes that the atom adopts a set of sp3 orbitals; the atom becomes hybridized"

Chemistry The central science Summary Chapter 9

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Chapter 9- Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 9.1 Molecular Shapes Lewis structures give atomic connectivity: they tell us which atoms are physically connected to which atoms. Whenever two atoms or ions are strongly attached to each other we say there is a chemical bond. Three general types of chemical bonds: ionic , covalent and metallic. We will encounter 11 basic molecular shapes: The shape of a molecule is determined by its bond angles. Bond angles The angles made by the lines joining the nuclei of the atoms in a molecule Consider CCl4: Experimentally we find all Cl?C?Cl bond angles are 109.5?. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model.
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