Chemical bond

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Lewis Symbols As a pictorial understanding of where the electrons are in an atom, we represent the electrons as dots around the symbol for the element. The number of electrons available for bonding are indicated by unpaired dots. These symbols are called Lewis symbols. Place the electrons on four sides of a square around the element symbol.
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Chemistry The central science Summary Chapter 9

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Orbital hybridisation

Chapter 9- Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 9.1 Molecular Shapes Lewis structures give atomic connectivity: they tell us which atoms are physically connected to which atoms. Whenever two atoms or ions are strongly attached to each other we say there is a chemical bond. Three general types of chemical bonds: ionic , covalent and metallic. We will encounter 11 basic molecular shapes: The shape of a molecule is determined by its bond angles. Bond angles The angles made by the lines joining the nuclei of the atoms in a molecule Consider CCl4: Experimentally we find all Cl?C?Cl bond angles are 109.5?. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model.

Chapter 8

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Claire Rafson Chapter 8 Notes 8.1- Bond Energy- The strength of a bonding interaction. The energy required to break the bond. Why do bonds occur? So the system can achieve the lowest possible energy by behaving in this way. Ionic bonding- electrostatic attractions of the closely packed, oppositiyly charged ions. Ionic compound- Metal reacts with a nonmetal Coulombs law- interaction between pair of ions. E= (2.31X 10^-19 J* nm) (Q1Q2/r) A bond will form if the energy of the aggregate is lower than that of the separated atoms. Covalent bonds- type of bonding in which electrons are shared by nuclei. (i.e Hydrogen bonding) Polar Covalent Bond- Atoms are different enough that they have unequal sharing results. 8.2-

Chapter 2

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Science

Mass

Isotope

Chapter 2.1- 2.3 (pages 41-48) Law of conservation of mass- Mass is neither created nor destroyed Law of definite proportion- a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. Law of multiple proportions- When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers Dalton?s Atomic Theory- -Each element is made up of atoms -The atoms of a given element are identical -Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of diff elements combine with each other -Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms Dalton prepared first table of atomic masses

Cambell Biology 7th edition Chemistry notes

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ion

Atom

Proton

The Chemical Basis of Life ?We are stardust? nasa.gov Students should be able to: Define: element, atom and molecule Name the components of atoms and their physical arrangements. Draw a diagram of an atom, given the atomic number. Distinguish between the types of chemical bonds. Element: a substance that cannot be broken down to other substancesPeriodic Table: organizational chart of all the elements http://www.periodictable.com/ Table 2.1 5 Table 2.1 Elements In the Human Body ATOM: from Greek atomos, ?unable to be cut? Atomic Structure An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. Three subatomic particles in atoms are relevant to our discussion of the properties of elements. Protons are positively charged.

AP Chem Practice Exam

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Alkanes

redox

Ethane

Silicon tetrachloride

Course: CHEMISTRY Number: 205/4 Section: 03, 04 and 52 Instructors: N. Schoonhoven, G. D?n?s Examination: Final Date: 14th April, 2011 Time: 19:00 - 22:00 # of pages: 15 Materials Allowed: A data sheet and periodic table are attached to this paper - no other materials are allowed. NO BOOKLET. ALL ANSWERS MUST BE ON THE QUESTIONNAIRE. Calculators Allowed: Yes (Cell phones or electronic dictionaries may NOT be used as calculators.) Special Instructions: This exam contains three sections. Please read the instructions before each section carefully. LAST NAME: ____________________________ FIRST NAME: ____________________________ STUDENT NUMBER: _____________________ SIGNATURE: ____________________________

APBIOLOGY

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#AP Bio #CampbellBiology #Chapter 1 #Quiz

Proton

Chapter?1 Introduction:?Themes?in?the?Study?of?Life Multiple-Choice?Questions 1) Which?of?the?following?properties?or?processes?do?we?associate?with?living?things? A) evolutionary?adaptations B) energy?processing C) responding?to?the?environments D) growth?and?reproduction E) all?of?the?above Answer: E Topic: Overview Skill: Knowledge/Application 2) Which?of?the?following?is?not?a?theme?that?unifies?biology? A) interaction?with?the?environment B) emergent?properties C) evolution D) reductionism E) structure?and?function Answer: D Topic: Concept?1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Application 3) Which?of?the?following?sequences?represents?the?hierarchy?of?biological?organization?from?the?least?to?the?most complex?level? A) organelle,?tissue,?biosphere,?ecosystem,?population,?organism

APBIOLOGY

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#AP Bio #CampbellBiology #Chapter 1 #Quiz

Proton

Chapter?1 Introduction:?Themes?in?the?Study?of?Life Multiple-Choice?Questions 1) Which?of?the?following?properties?or?processes?do?we?associate?with?living?things? A) evolutionary?adaptations B) energy?processing C) responding?to?the?environments D) growth?and?reproduction E) all?of?the?above Answer: E Topic: Overview Skill: Knowledge/Application 2) Which?of?the?following?is?not?a?theme?that?unifies?biology? A) interaction?with?the?environment B) emergent?properties C) evolution D) reductionism E) structure?and?function Answer: D Topic: Concept?1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Application 3) Which?of?the?following?sequences?represents?the?hierarchy?of?biological?organization?from?the?least?to?the?most complex?level? A) organelle,?tissue,?biosphere,?ecosystem,?population,?organism

The Chemistry Of Life

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#AP Biology #AP Bio #Biology

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Theoretical chemistry

Chemical bond

Valence electron

Orbital hybridisation

Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Elements and Compounds An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride Essential Elements of Life Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter Trace elements are those required by an organism in minute quantities LE 2-3 Nitrogen deficiency Iodine deficiency LE 2-4 Nucleus Electrons Cloud of negative charge (2 electrons) Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Atoms of the various elements differ in number of subatomic particles Atomic number Mass number Atomic mass Isotopes Atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in number of neutrons

The Chemistry Of Life

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