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Membrane biology

Proteins and Lipids

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Membrane lipids
Lipid bilayer
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Lipid
Cholesterol
Amphiphile

LIPIDS & MEMBRANE STRUCTURE Lipids differ from the other macromolecules: not formed by linear polymerization however, they do have a high molecular weight they contribute to important cellular structures (membranes) What are they? Heterogeneous category of cellular components that are insoluble in water (hydrophobic) Lipids are typically rich in nonpolar hydrocarbon regions with relatively few polar groups Lipids have 3 main cellular functions: 1. Energy storage (fat to sugar) Lipids have about 6 times more energy than the same weight of a polysaccharide 2. Membrane structure 3. Transmission of chemical signals There are six main classes of lipids (FAMILIARIZE WITH THE FIRST 3) Fatty acids are the building blocks for several other kinds of lipids

Intro to Cells

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Endomembrane system
Cell
Eukaryote
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion

Bio 230: Cell Bio Intro to Cells: pg 1-26 Properties that define living organisms: Ability to reproduce on their own Viruses? Not living organisms but incapable of reproducing on their own Can grow and develop Require energy - metabolism Response to the environment Maintain homeostasis Contains genetic information (DNA or RNA) Composed of cells Cells are the fundamental unit of life. Invention of the light microscope led to the discovery of cells Robert Hooke Shortened telescope Many flaws, difficult to see Oil lamp with flask of water to illuminate specimen Examined cork - coined term cell Remains of cell walls after death Theodore Schwann All different species of animals were composed of cells Mathias Schleiden All different species of plants were composed of cells

Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea (9th Edition)

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#AP Biology #AP Bio #Biology #Study Guide #campbell
Archaebacteria
bacteria

CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, AP* 9th EDITION Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea 27.1 first organisms were likely prokaryotes unicellular variety of shapes - spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral well-organized the cell wall keeps it from bursting in a hypotonic solution and supports structure in hypertonic solutions, they shrink away from walls/plasmolyze contain peptidoglycan - polymer made of modified sugars crosslinked by short polypeptides. Archaea lack peptidoglycan but bacteria have it. Using the a technique called the Gram stain, scientists classify bacterial species into two ?groups based on cell wall composition Gram positive - simpler walls and a large amount of peptidoglycan Gram negative - less peptidoglycan and more structurally complex. Has an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane

Campbell chapter 7 test bank

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#AP Biology #AP Bio #Biology #Study Guide

Self-Quiz Questions 1) In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary A) Phospholipids are found only in certain membranes. B) Certain proteins are unique to each membrane. C) Only certain membranes of the cell are selectively permeable. D) Only certain membranes are constructed from amphipathic molecules. E) Some membranes have hydrophobic surfaces exposed to the cytoplasm, while others have hydrophilic surfaces facing the cytoplasm. Answer: B 2) According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly A) spread in a continuous layer over the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane. B) confined to the hydrophobic core of the membrane.

AP Biology Chapter 7 questions

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AP Biology Chapter 7

13. Explain how transport proteins are similar to enzymes. The transport proteins of the plasma membrane are similar to enzymes in that they sometimes catalyze one of a number of steps of a metabolic pathway. 14. Explain how transport proteins facilitate diffusion.

Taxonomy

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Origin of life
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Miller–Urey experiment
Vertebrate
Chordate
Alexander Oparin
Health

REVIEW OUTLINE ? TEST 2 CELLS/TAXONOMY CELL TYPES DOMAIN CRITERIA THE 6 KINGDOMS ? CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH THE MAJOR PHYLA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA ? MAMMALS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AMPHIBIANS, FISH HUMAN LINEAGE WE?RE UNIQUE AT WHAT POINT AND WHY? OPARIN-HALDANE MODEL ? PRIMITIVE ATMOSPHERE MILLER-UREY EXPERIMENT ? DETAILS OF SET-UP RESULTS ? WHAT DID THEY FIND? WHAT DIDN?T THEY FIND? CELL STRUCTURES CELL WALLS ? WHICH ONES? PLASMA MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ? DRAW IT! LABEL IT! TRANSPORT MECHANISMS PASSIVE ACTIVE ? DIAGRAMS ARE IMPORTANT TONICITY ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM OTHER ORGANELLES GOLGI ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) ROUGH AND SMOOTH CYTOSKELETON DIFFERENCES IN ?FIBERS? NUCLEUS DOUBLE MEMBRANE ? WHY? PORES ENDOSYMBIOSIS

mitochondrion

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Inner membrane
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mitochondrion

Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. Each of these membranes is a?phospholipidbilayer with embedded proteins. The outermost membrane is smooth while the inner membrane has many folds. These folds are called cristae. The folds enhance the "productivity" of cellular respiration by increasing the available surface area. The double membranes divide the mitochondrion into two distinct parts: the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. The intermembrane space is the narrow part between the two membranes while the mitochondrial matrix is the part enclosed by the innermost membrane. Several of the steps in cellular respiration occur in the matrix due to its high concentration of enzymes.

bio 211 quiz

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Diffusion
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Study tips for Quiz 3 Fluid mosaic membrane model Selective permeability: control what goes in and out of cell Compartmentalization: different processes can be separate Phospholipids-main component of membranes (50% by weight) Structure: hydrophilic heads faces out (water loving) polar surface Hydrophobic tails face in (weather fearing) non-polar region Interior 1972 singer and Garth Fluid- lipids and proteins can move relative to each other within membrane The typical membrane structure consists of a phospholipid bilayer with a number of proteins scattered throughout, along with some carbohydrates (glycoproteins), glycolipids and sterols, similar to the way in which one does a mosaic tile, hence the name. molecules involved in membrane transport Pg 107 fig 5.12

Chapter 7 AP Biology

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Endocytosis
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Na+/K+-ATPase
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Copyright ? 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint? Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function Overview: Life at the Edge ? The plasma membrane is the boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings ? The plasma membrane exhibits selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross it more easily than others Copyright ? 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 7-1 Concept 7.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins ? Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane

Chapter 6-A Tour of the Cell

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Microvillus
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Copyright ? 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint? Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life ? All organisms are made of cells ? The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live ? Cell structure is correlated to cellular function ? All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells Copyright ? 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 6-1 Concept 6.1: To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry ? Though usually too small to be seen by the

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