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Nuclear physics

Science history

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History of Science ? ? Illusion ? Delusion - Truth I thought this was Science Course Science is the Truth ?. but but ?.. Science seems to change all the time Hmmmm First Quiz From Fire to Atomism Early Greek Atomic Theory Some thought EVERYTHING was made from water in one of the forms (ice, liquid, gas) Democritus ? atoms differed in only shape and size The concept of the ?nocut? atomos was developed ? SMALLEST BUILDING BLOCK Arostotle ? all matter is composed of four elements ? Earth, air, fire, water The philosopher's stone and the rise of alchemy ?convert cheaper metals into gold finding the?elixir of life ?in the air an "ether" which breathed life into living things Problems with Alchemy

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 4c

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Useful Element Notations The number of protons in the nucleus Determines the identity of the atom (which element it is) Atomic Number (Z) If you change the number of protons, the atom changes to another element. The total number of particles in the nucleus?protons and neutrons The total number of particles that make up the mass of the atom Mass Number (A) Atoms of an element which have various amounts of neutrons but the same number of protons Isotopes: Since the number of neutrons changes, the mass of the isotopes is different. Count Those Neutrons It shows the mass number, atomic number, and symbol for the element. Isotopic Notation X A Z Isotopic Notation Example: Be 9 9 protons and neutrons 9 4 4 4 protons Therefore, there must be 5 neutrons. 18 40 22 58 Question

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 4a

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The Development of Atomic Models: A Historical Perspective 1 Model of an Atom An IDEA of what it looks like (a working representation) 2 Atomic Models Democritus? Idea An object CANNOT be divided indefinitely. There is a smallest particle. atom: (Gk. atomos?indivisible) 3 Democritus ? Chemistry textbook p. 73 (BJU Press) Atomic Models There is a basic unit of matter?the atom. Chemists found this out by looking at the mass ratio of substances. But the atom is NOT indivisible. Democritus? Idea was CORRECT! 4 Democritus ? Chemistry textbook p. 73 (BJU Press) Continuous: Matter can be subdivided forever. Particulate: A smallest particle exists. 2 Theories Atomic Models 9 grams of H2O: 8 grams of oxygen 1 gram of hydrogen Ratio is 8:1 Mass Ratio 90 grams of H2O:

Chem Scientists and Definitions

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Democritus Greek; said that everything in the universe starts with small pieces of un-cuttable (atomos) pieces of matter but had no proof ? Aristotle Greek; said there was no such thing as the smallest piece of matter; he was the good speaker therefore people of his time believed him John Dalton created the Atomic Theory in the 1800's The Atomic Theory says that all things in the world are made of atoms, and if the materials are the same, the atoms are identical especially in their mass; different elements have different atoms and a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms William Crookes

Something?

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Question 1?(Worth 1 points) [02.01]Which of the following is essential for a theory to become widely accepted within the scientific community? ?A theory must include a valid scientific model. ?A theory must be supported by many different experiments. ?A theory is an educated guess based on multiple observations. ?A theory must change over time regardless of the scientific data. Points earned on this question: 1 Question 2?(Worth 1 points) [02.01]Which of the following is the?best?definition of a scientific model? ?any visual representation of scientific experimental findings ?a 3-d object used to demonstrate key scientific theories and data ?a visual, verbal, or mathematical explanation of experimental data ?an explanation of any scientific idea, theory, or experimental results

Chemistry Chapter 4,25

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Lecture 2 (Chapter 4 & 25) Atomic Structure Democritus (400 BC) ? Postulated there must be some basic unit of matter that could not be divided any further. ? Basic unit ? atomos (Greek = indivisible) Dalton Dalton?s Atomic Theory ? All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms ? All atoms of a given element are identical having the ame size, mass and chemical properties. Atoms of a specific element are different from those of any other element ? Different atoms combined in simple whole number ratios to form compounds ? Ina chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged ? Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles or destroyed. Scientist and Experiments Cathode Ray Tube Experiments ? Plum pudding model ?

AP Chemistry Vocabulary Chapter 1-4,9

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analytical chemistry the area of chemistry that focuses on the composition of matter applied chemistry research that is directed toward a practical goal or application biochemistry the area of chemistry that focuses on processes that take place in organisms biotechnology the field that applies science to the production of biological products or processes chemistry the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes experiment a repeatable procedure that is used to test a hypothesis hypothesis a proposed explanation for an observation inorganic chemistry the study of substances that, in general, do not contain carbon macroscopic describes the world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye matter

Chapter 3 Figures Living in the Environment Miller

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Stepped Art Figure 3-2 Page 41 Ask a question Do experiments and collect data Formulate hypothesis to explain data Do more experiments to test hypothesis Revise hypothesis if necessary Well-tested and accepted hypotheses become scientific theories Interpret data Well-tested and accepted patterns In data become scientific laws ? 2004 Brooks/Cole ? Thomson Learning Rate of metabolic chemical reactions Heat input from sun and metabolism Heat loss from air cooling skin Heat in body Positive feedback loop Blood temperature in hypothalamus Excess temperature perceived by brain Sweat production by skin Negative feedback loop Figure 3-3 Page 46 Hydrogen (H) 0 n 1 p 1e 1 n 1 p 2 n 1 p 1e 1e Mass number = 0 + 1 = 1 Hydrogen-1 (99.98%) Mass number = 1 + 1 = 2 Hydrogen-2 or deuterium

Living in the Environment Chapter 2 Supplement

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Chapter 2 Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy Chapter Overview Questions What is science, and what do scientists do? What are major components and behaviors of complex systems? What are the basic forms of matter, and what makes matter useful as a resource? What types of changes can matter undergo and what scientific law governs matter? Chapter Overview Questions (cont?d) What are the major forms of energy, and what makes energy useful as a resource? What are two scientific laws governing changes of energy from one form to another? How are the scientific laws governing changes of matter and energy from one form to another related to resource use, environmental degradation and sustainability? Updates Online

Chapter 2 Outline

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SCIENCE, MATTER, ENERGY, AND SYSTEMS p.28-49 Core Case Study ? Carrying Out a Controlled Scientific Experiment o controlled experiment- a way in which scientists learn about how nature works is to conduct a controlled experiment o variables- factors that can change within a system or situation being studied o single-variable analysis- an experiment designed to isolate and study the effects of one variable at a time o experimental group- a chosen variable is changed in a known way o control group- the chosen variable is not changed 2-1 What Is Science p.29-35 ? Science Is a Search for Order in Nature o science- an endeavor to discover how nature works and to use that knowledge to make predictions

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