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radioactivity

Living in the Environment 16th Ed. : Ch.2 Key Terms

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Chapter 2 Key Terms acidity Ions are also important for measuring a substance?s acidity in a water solution, a chemical characteristic that helps determine how a substance dissolved in water will interact with and affect its environment. atom The most basic building block of matter is an atom: the smallest unit of matter into which an element can be divided and still retain its chemical properties. atomic number Each element has a unique atomic number, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom. atomic theory The idea that all elements are made up of atoms is called the atomic theory and is the most widely accepted scientific theory in chemistry. cells

Chemistry Chapter 4,25

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Lecture 2 (Chapter 4 & 25) Atomic Structure Democritus (400 BC) ? Postulated there must be some basic unit of matter that could not be divided any further. ? Basic unit ? atomos (Greek = indivisible) Dalton Dalton?s Atomic Theory ? All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms ? All atoms of a given element are identical having the ame size, mass and chemical properties. Atoms of a specific element are different from those of any other element ? Different atoms combined in simple whole number ratios to form compounds ? Ina chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged ? Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles or destroyed. Scientist and Experiments Cathode Ray Tube Experiments ? Plum pudding model ?

Living in the Environment Chapter 2 Supplement

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Chapter 2 Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy Chapter Overview Questions What is science, and what do scientists do? What are major components and behaviors of complex systems? What are the basic forms of matter, and what makes matter useful as a resource? What types of changes can matter undergo and what scientific law governs matter? Chapter Overview Questions (cont?d) What are the major forms of energy, and what makes energy useful as a resource? What are two scientific laws governing changes of energy from one form to another? How are the scientific laws governing changes of matter and energy from one form to another related to resource use, environmental degradation and sustainability? Updates Online

Chapter 2 Outline

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SCIENCE, MATTER, ENERGY, AND SYSTEMS p.28-49 Core Case Study ? Carrying Out a Controlled Scientific Experiment o controlled experiment- a way in which scientists learn about how nature works is to conduct a controlled experiment o variables- factors that can change within a system or situation being studied o single-variable analysis- an experiment designed to isolate and study the effects of one variable at a time o experimental group- a chosen variable is changed in a known way o control group- the chosen variable is not changed 2-1 What Is Science p.29-35 ? Science Is a Search for Order in Nature o science- an endeavor to discover how nature works and to use that knowledge to make predictions

Chemistry notes on radioactivity and carbon dating/decay

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Chemical changes: breaking bonds between atoms + rearranging into new compounds. Nuclear Changes: changes in p&n within a nucleus, not between atoms. Half life= time it takes for ? of parent nuclides in radioactive sample to decay. Ex. Element has ? life of 5 seconds left in 1 minutes. So divide 60 sec by 5 sec. = 12. Nuclide: name given to nucleus of a specific isotope that is decaying. Ex. U-238 and U-239. Radiation. Chain rxn: nuclear rxn that becomes self propagating. Critical Mass: minimum amount of original mass undergoing fission to sustain a chain rxn. Nuclear Waste: low level- buried in barrels in the ground (lab wastes, industry) High level- stored in concrete bunkers in ground (spent fuel rods)
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