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Nuclear fission

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 21 Notes

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1 AP Chemistry Chapter 21 - The Nucleus: A Chemist?s View 21.1 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay A. Radioactive Decay 1. Decomposition forming a different nucleus and producing one or more particles a. Total mass number and atomic number must be conserved in any nuclear change nCHeBe 101264294 +?+ B. Zone of Stability 1. Of 2000 known nuclides, only 279 are stable with respect to radioactive decay 2. All nuclides with more than 83 protons (bismuth) are unstable 3. Light nuclides are most stable when the neutron/proton ratio is 1 4. Heavier nuclides are most stable when the neutron/proton ratio is greater than 1 5. Magic numbers a. Special stability exists when the number of protons or neutrons is: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 C. Types of Radioactive Decay

Living in the Environment 16th Ed. : Ch.2 Key Terms

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Chapter 2 Key Terms acidity Ions are also important for measuring a substance?s acidity in a water solution, a chemical characteristic that helps determine how a substance dissolved in water will interact with and affect its environment. atom The most basic building block of matter is an atom: the smallest unit of matter into which an element can be divided and still retain its chemical properties. atomic number Each element has a unique atomic number, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom. atomic theory The idea that all elements are made up of atoms is called the atomic theory and is the most widely accepted scientific theory in chemistry. cells

Chapter 3 Figures Living in the Environment Miller

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Stepped Art Figure 3-2 Page 41 Ask a question Do experiments and collect data Formulate hypothesis to explain data Do more experiments to test hypothesis Revise hypothesis if necessary Well-tested and accepted hypotheses become scientific theories Interpret data Well-tested and accepted patterns In data become scientific laws ? 2004 Brooks/Cole ? Thomson Learning Rate of metabolic chemical reactions Heat input from sun and metabolism Heat loss from air cooling skin Heat in body Positive feedback loop Blood temperature in hypothalamus Excess temperature perceived by brain Sweat production by skin Negative feedback loop Figure 3-3 Page 46 Hydrogen (H) 0 n 1 p 1e 1 n 1 p 2 n 1 p 1e 1e Mass number = 0 + 1 = 1 Hydrogen-1 (99.98%) Mass number = 1 + 1 = 2 Hydrogen-2 or deuterium

Living in the Environment Chapter 2 Supplement

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Chapter 2 Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy Chapter Overview Questions What is science, and what do scientists do? What are major components and behaviors of complex systems? What are the basic forms of matter, and what makes matter useful as a resource? What types of changes can matter undergo and what scientific law governs matter? Chapter Overview Questions (cont?d) What are the major forms of energy, and what makes energy useful as a resource? What are two scientific laws governing changes of energy from one form to another? How are the scientific laws governing changes of matter and energy from one form to another related to resource use, environmental degradation and sustainability? Updates Online

Chapter 2 Outline

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SCIENCE, MATTER, ENERGY, AND SYSTEMS p.28-49 Core Case Study ? Carrying Out a Controlled Scientific Experiment o controlled experiment- a way in which scientists learn about how nature works is to conduct a controlled experiment o variables- factors that can change within a system or situation being studied o single-variable analysis- an experiment designed to isolate and study the effects of one variable at a time o experimental group- a chosen variable is changed in a known way o control group- the chosen variable is not changed 2-1 What Is Science p.29-35 ? Science Is a Search for Order in Nature o science- an endeavor to discover how nature works and to use that knowledge to make predictions
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