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Chemistry The central science Summary Chapter

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Lewis Symbols As a pictorial understanding of where the electrons are in an atom, we represent the electrons as dots around the symbol for the element. The number of electrons available for bonding are indicated by unpaired dots. These symbols are called Lewis symbols. Place the electrons on four sides of a square around the element symbol.
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Chemistry The central science Summary Chapter 6

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Atomic physics
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Molecular physics
Theoretical chemistry
Atomic orbital
electron configuration
electron
Bohr model
Energy level
Technology

Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy Heated solids emit radiation (blackbody radiation) The wavelength distribution depends on the temperature (i.e., ?red hot? objects are cooler than ?white hot? objects). In 1900 Max Planck solved the problem He investigated black body radiation. He proposed that energy can only be absorbed or released from atoms in ?chucks? of some minimum size . These amounts are called quanta. A quantum (meaning ?fixed amount?) is the smallest amount of energy that can be emitted or absorbed as electromagnetic radiation. The relationship between energy and frequency is: . The Photoelectric Effect and Photons The photoelectric effect provides evidence for the particle nature of light and for quantization.

Chapter 8

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Chemical bond
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Octet rule
Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
Lone pair
Formal charge
electron
Technology

Claire Rafson Chapter 8 Notes 8.1- Bond Energy- The strength of a bonding interaction. The energy required to break the bond. Why do bonds occur? So the system can achieve the lowest possible energy by behaving in this way. Ionic bonding- electrostatic attractions of the closely packed, oppositiyly charged ions. Ionic compound- Metal reacts with a nonmetal Coulombs law- interaction between pair of ions. E= (2.31X 10^-19 J* nm) (Q1Q2/r) A bond will form if the energy of the aggregate is lower than that of the separated atoms. Covalent bonds- type of bonding in which electrons are shared by nuclei. (i.e Hydrogen bonding) Polar Covalent Bond- Atoms are different enough that they have unequal sharing results. 8.2-

Chapter 7

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Atomic physics
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atoms
Molecular physics
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electron
Energy level
Atomic orbital
Azimuthal quantum number
Aufbau principle
Technology

Claire Rafson Chapter 7: Atomic Structure and Periodicity 7.1- 7.3 Wavelength and frequency are inversely related C= speed of light = 2.9979 X 10^8 m/s Photoelectric effect- Einstein. Phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from the surgace of a metal when light strikes it. E=mc^2 ?. M= mass Dual nature of light Diffraction- light is scattered from a regular array of points or lines. Change in E= hv 7.4- quantum model- made by Bohr. Model for the hydrogen atom. Electron in a hydrogen atom moves around the nucleus only in certain orbits. Ground state- lowest possible energy state. 7.5- quantum mechanical model- Heisenberg, Broglie, and Schrodinger probability distribution- intensity of color is used to indicate probability value near a given point in space. 7.6-

Cambell Biology 7th edition Chemistry notes

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electron
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molecule
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Hydrogen
Proton
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The Chemical Basis of Life ?We are stardust? nasa.gov Students should be able to: Define: element, atom and molecule Name the components of atoms and their physical arrangements. Draw a diagram of an atom, given the atomic number. Distinguish between the types of chemical bonds. Element: a substance that cannot be broken down to other substancesPeriodic Table: organizational chart of all the elements http://www.periodictable.com/ Table 2.1 5 Table 2.1 Elements In the Human Body ATOM: from Greek atomos, ?unable to be cut? Atomic Structure An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. Three subatomic particles in atoms are relevant to our discussion of the properties of elements. Protons are positively charged.

Chapter 8 Solutions

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Valence electron
electron configuration
Atomic orbital
Ionization energy
electron
Technology

Periodic Properties of the Elements Review Questions 8.1 A periodic property is one that is predictable based on the element's position within the periodic table. 8.2 The relative size of the sodium and potassium ions is important to nerve signal transmission. The pumps and channels within cell membranes are so sensitive that they can distinguish between the sizes of these two ions and selectively allow only one or the other to pass. The movement of ions is the basis for the transmission of nerve signals in the brain and throughout the body. 8.3 The first attempt to organize the elements according to similarities in their properties was made by the German chemist Johann Dobereiner. He grouped elements into triads; three ele-

APBIOLOGY

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Biology
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molecule
Hydrogen
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#AP Bio #CampbellBiology #Chapter 1 #Quiz

Chapter?1 Introduction:?Themes?in?the?Study?of?Life Multiple-Choice?Questions 1) Which?of?the?following?properties?or?processes?do?we?associate?with?living?things? A) evolutionary?adaptations B) energy?processing C) responding?to?the?environments D) growth?and?reproduction E) all?of?the?above Answer: E Topic: Overview Skill: Knowledge/Application 2) Which?of?the?following?is?not?a?theme?that?unifies?biology? A) interaction?with?the?environment B) emergent?properties C) evolution D) reductionism E) structure?and?function Answer: D Topic: Concept?1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Application 3) Which?of?the?following?sequences?represents?the?hierarchy?of?biological?organization?from?the?least?to?the?most complex?level? A) organelle,?tissue,?biosphere,?ecosystem,?population,?organism

APBIOLOGY

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Valence electron
Proton
molecule
Hydrogen
Technology
#AP Bio #CampbellBiology #Chapter 1 #Quiz

Chapter?1 Introduction:?Themes?in?the?Study?of?Life Multiple-Choice?Questions 1) Which?of?the?following?properties?or?processes?do?we?associate?with?living?things? A) evolutionary?adaptations B) energy?processing C) responding?to?the?environments D) growth?and?reproduction E) all?of?the?above Answer: E Topic: Overview Skill: Knowledge/Application 2) Which?of?the?following?is?not?a?theme?that?unifies?biology? A) interaction?with?the?environment B) emergent?properties C) evolution D) reductionism E) structure?and?function Answer: D Topic: Concept?1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Application 3) Which?of?the?following?sequences?represents?the?hierarchy?of?biological?organization?from?the?least?to?the?most complex?level? A) organelle,?tissue,?biosphere,?ecosystem,?population,?organism

Chemistry

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Chemistry
Physics
Chemical properties
Chemical bonding
Charge carriers
Quantum chemistry
Atomic number
Periodic Table
Electronegativity
Valence electron
electron
ion
Technology

Chemistry Study Guide Unit 1: Measurement and the Methods of Chemistry Counting significant figures: 1) leading zeros never count 2) Trailing zeros only count if there is a decimal point written 3) All numbers that aren?t leading or trailing zeros count Unit 2: Atomic Structure, Periodicity, and Nuclear Energy Proton: +1 (charge) Neutron: 0 (charge) Electron: -1 (charge) Atomic number= number of protons within an atom Atomic mass= total weight of the atom. P+N If there is a power to the left of the element, that implies the mass. Isotope: same atom with same atomic number, but different number of neutrons. Different weight. Neutrons and protons are INSIDE nucleus. Electrons on orbitals. Valence electrons= electrons on outermost shell. The electrons that do all reactions.

Chem Scientists and Definitions

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Knights Bachelor
Members of the Order of Merit
Atomic theory
electron
Atomic nucleus
J. J. Thomson
Cathode ray
Technology

Democritus Greek; said that everything in the universe starts with small pieces of un-cuttable (atomos) pieces of matter but had no proof ? Aristotle Greek; said there was no such thing as the smallest piece of matter; he was the good speaker therefore people of his time believed him John Dalton created the Atomic Theory in the 1800's The Atomic Theory says that all things in the world are made of atoms, and if the materials are the same, the atoms are identical especially in their mass; different elements have different atoms and a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms William Crookes

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