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Campbell AP Bio Study Guide Chapter 1

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life This introductory chapter explores the basic themes and concepts of biology, with emphasis on the core theme of evolution. It also introduces students to the thinking of scientists. Questions are therefore general; however, an effort has been made to include some from each skill level. As in the rest of this test bank, questions that feature art or those for which several questions follow upon some data or a scenario are placed together at the end of the chapter. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a A) biosystem. B) community. C) population. D) ecosystem. E) family. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1

3.06 Short Essay

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The Roman Ara Pacis Augustae, or Altar of Augustan Peace was created from 13-9 BCE. This marble building celebrates Augustus? establishment of peace. The symbols on the building represent a time of peace and plenty. This altar served as the expression of religion to the Romans and also represented the great military dominance in the Roman Empire. The figures inscribed on this altar all signify Roman piety. Some of the engravings on the side of the building portray August performing sacrifices to god. Other figures depicted on the side of this amazing piece of artwork consists of people using animals as sacrificial offerings, and others garnishing laurel circlets which signify victory in the Roman Empire.

3.04 Long Essay

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How a culture views the human figure varies greatly. Two cultures can infer and believe whatever they choose because there is no right way. Two cultures that perceive the human figure differently are The Greeks and The Olmecs. The Greeks love analyzing the human figure and are very passionate about human perfection. The Olmecs on the other hand had a very different perception on human perfection and the human figure. Two pieces of artwork that represent the Greek culture well are the Doryphoros Spear Bearer statue, a marble copy of a bronze original created by the Polykleitos during the Greek culture, and the Kritios Boy sculpture which is also a marble sculpture created around 480 BCE.

3.02 Short Essay

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Humanism is the philosophy where the human form and reason are at the center of all things. Greeks were interested in the recognizable and physical world rather than the afterlife and nature. They created ideal sculptures from universal features such as the perfect nose, torso, and other body parts rather than making different body types that they felt were not perfect. To the Greeks humans were the center of all things and the supreme subject of art. The picture shown in the assessment is known as Kroisos found in Anavyssos. This marble sculpture is dated back to 530 BCE sculpted by an unknown artist. This sculpture is from the archaic period for many reasons. The archaic period is responsible for the introduction of the kouroi.

2.06 Short Essay

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The image I have decided to write about is the Ruins of Temple of Amun-Ra that was built between the years of 1579-10755 BCE in Karnak. There are many features that can link how this beautiful building was built to its specific period and culture in which it was built. One physical characteristic would be how the center roof was raised higher than it the roof on the sides. A raised center roof can be known as clerestory which was introduced by the Egyptians to let air ad light into the dark areas. Another physical characteristic would include the columns. There are 13 columns which take on two specific shapes that include both bud capitals and flower or kylix capitals. These both resemble buds and blooms of the lotus plants that represents Upper and Lower Egypt.

2.04 Long Essay

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Both Chinese and Japanese cultures had visionary pieces of art work that related to their beliefs and values of its culture. In the Chinese culture a sacred object that was highly important would be The Cong. The Cong is a stone object sometimes carved with designs that is associate with Chinese funeral rituals. The Cong was first appeared in the Neolithic Era and continued to appear and be used throughout the Shang and Zhou dynasties. A sacred object in the Chinese culture would be the Buddha statue. Many parts of the Buddha statue can be tied into the Japanese culture with some of its physical features. The Buddha statue was created during the Heian period in Japan during 1053.

2.02 Short Essay

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Lion hunting was something that the Assyrian culture took very seriously. The subject of this piece of art would in fact also be lion hunting. There were once many animals hunted during the time period however the most popular were lions. This piece of art was most likely created between 645-640 BCE because this was during the time of the Assyrian Empire. As a tradition the king would put on for all his subjects, in this case it would be King Ashurnasirpal the second, where he is ridden around an arena in a chariot slaughtering the lions who dare challenge him. The ability to kill these lions who fought to the death showed the king?s great power and stood as a warning to anyone who thought of challenging of crossing him.

1.05 Long Essay

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The Apse mosaic from S. Apollinare Classe, Ravenna in Italy by an anonymous painter and The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh both illustrate a visionary experience in each of their times and cultures. The Apse mosaic from S. Apollinare Classe portrays the Transfiguration of Christ and was painted during the early Byzantine Empire between the years 533 and 549 CE in Ravenna, northern Italy. In contrast, Vincent van Gogh?s, oil on canvas, The Starry Night was created during the post-impressionist period in 1889 in the French village of Saint-Remy, however it is now hanging in the Museum of Modern Art in New York. I decided to use these two works of art because they both hold significant meaning and representation during the time in which they were painted.

1.04 Short Essay

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The painting Primavera can be closely attributed to artist Sandro Botticelli who lived from 1445 to the year of 1510. This painting was published in the year of 1482. I have attributed this painting to Sandro Botticelli because this painting can be concluded to be about mythology which he has painted about before but mythology is not his only strong area, he has also painted in terms of religious values. I also attributed this painting to 1482 because this was during the age of the early Renaissance time period where idealism was becoming popular in people?s views and beliefs. The subject matter of this painting would be Mythology. This painting is depicting Greek gods and goddesses and the painting is ultimately foreshadowing the coming of a new world.

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