cell

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cell

Actin

Golgi apparatus

Cytoplasm

Cell Structure Chapter 4 Biology 1406 Fall 2013 Copyright ? The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life ? All organisms are composed of cells ? The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive ? Cells arise only from pre- existing cells ? Though usually too small to be seen by the unaided eye, cells can be complex ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 ?m 10 ?m 1 ?m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion Most bacteria Nucleus Most plant and animal cells Human egg Frog egg Chicken egg Length of some nerve and muscle cells

bio

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Semipermeable membrane

cell

Lipid

Transmembrane protein

Peripheral membrane protein

cell membrane bio

1 Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology AP Biology Cell Membrane AP Biology Overview ?? Cell membrane separates living cell from nonliving surroundings ?? thin barrier = 8nm thick ?? Controls traffic in & out of the cell ?? selectively permeable ?? allows some substances to cross more easily than others ?? hydrophobic vs hydrophilic ?? Made of phospholipids, proteins & other macromolecules AP Biology Phospholipids Fatty acid Phosphate ?? Fatty acid tails ?? hydrophobic ?? Phosphate group head ?? hydrophilic ?? Arranged as a bilayer Aaaah, one of those structure?function examples AP Biology Phospholipid bilayer polar hydrophilic heads nonpolar hydrophobic tails polar hydrophilic heads AP Biology

Campbell Biology Chapter 27

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microbiology

Prokaryote

bacteria

Archaea

cell

fission

Plasmid

Eukaryote

Chromosome

Heterocyst

Pilus

Chapter 27- Bacteria and Archaea Prokaryotes live everywhere and are microscopic Concept 27.1: Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success Earth's first organisms were likely prokaryotes Most unicellular, although some form colonies Between .5-5 micrometers, much smaller than eukaryotic cells(10-100 micrometers) Many shapes Spheres (cocci) Rods (bacilli) Spirals Figure 27.2 Prokaryotic cell has a cell wall, which maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment (Eukaryotes have a cell wall made of cellulose or chitin) Capsule- polysaccharide or protein layer that covers prokaryotes

Ch. 6 Notes

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cell

Eukaryote

Golgi apparatus

Cytoplasm

Cells

Ch. 6: A Tour of the Cell All organisms are made of cells simplest collection of matter that can be alive Microscopy progressed the discovery and early study of cells Robert Hooke looked at dead cells from the bark of an oak tree Antoni von Leeuwenhoek ? intro to the world of microorganisms Cell fractionation takes cells apart and separates major organelles and subcellular structures from one another using a centrifuge Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Euk: DNA is in the nucleus Pro: DNA is in the nucleoid (not enclosed by membrane) Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger Cytosol: semifluid portion of the cytoplasm Biological membrane: phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded Nucleus contains most of the genes in the cell

Campbell Biology 9th - Unit 1

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cell

Biological membrane

Lipid bilayer

Facilitated diffusion

9/28/13 2:53 PM Tools used to study cells Microscopy Light microscope Electron microscope Scanning Transmission Cell fractionation - centrifuge Cells ? simplest collection of matter that can be alive All contain: Plasma membrane Cytosol Chromosomes Ribosomes Cytoplasm ? interior of cell Limited to small size because High SA to volume ration necessary for exchange between cell & environment As cells grow, volume increases at higher rate than SA Prokaryotic Lack nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles Nucleoid Location of DNA Not membrane enclosed Fimbriae Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Flagella Surface to volume ratio is important parameter affecting cell size & shape ORGANELLES IN EUKARYOTIC CELL Nucleus Functions: Houses chromosomes

Campbell Biology 9th - Unit 1

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cell

Cytosol

mitochondrion

Membrane protein

Ch.7 ? Membrane What makes something alive? What do all living things have in common? Carbon based Cells DNA Living organisms 1.8 million known species 10-100 million estimates species 3 domains Bacteria Archea Eukarya Same basic components Cells ? lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life Eukaryotic ? nucleus & other membrane-bound structures Prokaryotic ? simpler, membrane & DNA Cells & tissues made from same set of chemicals Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Organic molecules/nutrients cycle through organisms & environment All organisms transfer & transform energy to power cellular processes Living organisms have been around for billions of years Prokaryotes ? 3.5 billion years ago Eukaryotes ? 2 billion Multi-cellular life ? 1.2 billion

AP Bio notes

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cell

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Cytosol

Eukaryote

6.2 Eukaryotic Cells I. Eukaryotic cells include animal, plant, protest, and fungi cells. Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea. A. Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic 1. SMILARITIES a. bounded by plasma membrane b. within membrane is a semifluid substance called cytosol in which organelles are found c. chromosomes ? carrying genes in form of RNA/DNA d. ribosomes ? tiny organelles that make proteins from genes 2. DIFFERENCES Eukaryote Prokaryote - Nucleus (chromosomes) - Nucleoid (but no membrane separates it from rest of the cell)

Animal Cell Organelle Functions Chart

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anatomy

cell

Name Function Description Cell Membrane The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier regulating the cells chemical composition. Cytoplasm The Cytoplasm offers support to the cell and speeds up inter-cellular travel. It allows the cell to take up 3-dimensional space and the cell's many organelles to "float" freely throughout. Mitochondria Where the cell creates most of the energy (ATP), also known as the ?powerhouse? of the cell. Nucleus This is where all the DNA is kept and translated into mRNA. Golgi Apparatus Stores and sends out proteins using vestical transport. Lysosomes Filled with digestive enzymes, Lysosomes function to get rid of waste and break down large macromolecules. Endoplasmic Reticulum

CHAPTER 7 SECTION 2

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organelles

Membrane biology

Cell Biology

cell