The Scarlett Letter Dialectic Journal - AP Lang
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Rhetoric
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Rhet Strategies
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Rhetorical Strategies and their Functions Q. What are rhetorical strategies? A. Rhetorical strategies are techniques writers use for a particular effect. Though the metaphor may sound somewhat crude, all writers draw from a ?toolbox? of rhetorical strategies as they express ideas to evoke responses in their readers. Here?s a list of a number of rhetorical strategies and their general function. Add to the list as you see additional ones in your reading. DEVICE FUNCTION 1. analogy to make a pointed comparison, often a very powerful comparison 2. metaphor same 3. simile same 4. hyperbole to provoke a response to cast something in a strong light
Classical Argument
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Outline for a Classical Argument Outline for a Rogerian Argument Introduction Capture the audience?s attention. Urge the audience to consider the case you will present. Statement of Background Narrate or explain the key events in your case. Provide information so that your audience will understand. Proposition State the position you are taking and indicate the direction your argument will proceed. Proof This is the heart of the argument. Discuss the reasons for your position and cite evidence for support. Refutation Anticipate and refute opposing views. This strengthens your argument and demonstrates your thorough knowledge of the issue. Conclusion Summarize your most important points. Make a final appeal for a change in attitude or a call to action.
Arrangement of Rhet
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Arrangement of Rhetoric How a Writer Structures the Argument Intended Purpose and Effect 1 Introduction (exordium ?beginning a web?) --often where the writer establishes ethos Narration (narratio) --appeals to logos and often to pathos Confirmation (confirmatio) --makes the strongest appeal to logos Refutation (refutatio) --address counterargument --bridges writer?s proof and conclusion --appeals to logos Conclusion (peroratio) --usually appeals to pathos --reminds to reader of the ethos established earlier --answers the question, ?So what?? --contains memorable last words
Argument
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ARGUMENT IN AP LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION I. What is an Argument? II. What is the form of an Argument? III. How can you write about arguments/write arguments? What is an argument? Simply put, an argument is an opinion (claim) supported by evidence. Evidence can take on different forms depending on the nature of the argument, the purpose of the argument, and the needs of the audience. Something that is argumentative is not and does not necessarily have to attempt to persuade. An argument is simply an opinion supported by evidence; persuasion involves moving people to act. Although an argument doesn?t have to persuade people, an argument can implicitly be persuasive. What is an argument? An argument is composed of three different elements:
Methods Notes
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Methods Notes Figurative Language Using figures of speech Not literal Examples: ?The trees danced in the wind.? ?Separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand.? Simile & Metaphor Simile ? comparing 2 unlike things using ?like? or ?as? Metaphor ? comparing 2 unlike things without ?like? or ?as? Extended metaphor ? a metaphor longer than a sentence or phrase Or a metaphor which occurs frequently throughout the text Alliteration ? repetition of consonant sounds Personification ? in which an animal/thing is described with human characteristics Assonance ? repetition of vowel sounds Hyperbole ? exaggeration used for emphasis Rhetorical Devices: Parallelism: emphasizes ideas by expressing them in the same grammatical form
Rhetoric Methods Notes
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Rhetoric & Methods Rhetoric: How someone uses language. The Specific features that make a text meaningful & effective. Appeals to: ethos, pathos, or logos. (Aristotle?s Rhetorical Triangle) Rhetorical Appeals Pathos, ethos, & logos: Pathos = emotional appeal Logos = logical appeal Ethos = ethical appeal Not strategies: An author doesn?t ?use logos?. Authors use strategies to make an appeal. Pathos Appealing to emotions. Pathos = passion or sympathy Strategies: Flattery Imagery Anecdotes/narratives Emotional language Ethos Appealing to ethics. Ethic appeal ? appeal to credibility. Strategies: Acknowledging education or expertise. Establishing qualifications/group membership. Logos Appealing to logics. Logos ? logical appeal. Strategies: Analogies Definitions Expert opinions
Help with DBQs
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APUSH Writing the Document-Based Question (DBQ) The APUSH exam format includes one document-based question. Students will have 55 minutes to answer it. Guidelines Long-essay writing skills. The initial mystery of answering a DBQ largely disappears if you remember that it builds on the skills for writing the long-essay question, including the skills of developing a background statement (B), thesis that ?takes a position (TAP)? and has a ?roadmap (R)?; argumentation supported with relevant historical evidence; use of targeted historical thinking skills; contextualization, and synthesis. The basic difference between the long-essay question and a DBQ is that in the DBQ students must analyze and use documents in your supporting arguments.
Schemes and Tropes Extra Credit
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Schemes & Tropes Extra Credit Name_________________________________ Class Period_____ Date____________________ For each of the figures of speech below, explain in your own words how each passage fits the definition of the scheme or trope it is identified with. Do not simply restate the definition of the term, but apply the definition to the particular selection. (One point each) Example: Simile: ?I, like an usurp'd town, to another due /Labour to admit you, but O, to no end.? In these lines, the narrator (?I?) explicitly compares himself to a ?usurp'd town? by using the preposition ?like.?
Rhetoric Notes
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RHETORIC IN OUR LIVES CH1 Pg 1-27 Rhetoric?s Bad Reputation Being Skilled at Rhetoric Persona Appeals to the Audience Subject Matter and Its Treatment Context Intention Genre Class Notes ch1 ? Viewed w/ negative connotation ? ?Style but no substance? ? Not sincere ? ?Evil? course of action? ? Tricking the audience ? Hitler example ? Got ppl to believe what he was saying ? Word choice ? Language--etc ? Bad ethics ? Better defn ? speaker/writer trying to convince readers/listeners what they are saying ? ?Valuable? ? Meaningful, purposeful, effective ? Need to be able to speak well/ write well ? Need to listn well ? ?Discerning eye, critical ear? ? Analyzing decisions ? PLAN & WRITE ? Reading the room
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