Chapter 39
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Plant physiology
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Plant Organs and Organ Systems
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Plant Organs & Organ Systems --roots, stems, leaves Vascular Plant Organs -primary growth *chloroplasts in some green stems but PRIMARILY in the leaves *mitochondria- in all cells Vegetative Parts -roots, stems, leaves -for maintainance of individual, growth -somatic cells Reproductive Parts -flowers, fruits, seeds -maintainance of species *some no flowers, only spores ~PIC1 Root -anchors the plant -absorbs water and minerals -root hairs -brown, white, red, black -no green (few exceptions: orchids) -shape: cylindrical -produce hormones, some for storage ~PIC2 Root Systems ~PIC3 Radicle -first that grows out in germination -will become the primary root *2nd, 3rd, 4th.. root- ?lateral roots? ~PIC4 Patterns of Root Growth Taproot system
Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration
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ENERGY Physiology Function:worklive -grows(mitosis) -reproduce(meiosis+fertilization) -metabolism(photosynthesis and respiration) -inheritance(generation) Definition of Energy 2 Laws of Energy: 1.Conservation of Energy- energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed(1st law) *forms of energy: solar, potential, mechanical 2.Entropy- during the transformation of energy, some energy become disordered & becomes heat(2nd law) *heat: ?disordered energy? Coupled Reactions and Chemical Bonds *?coupled?: with partner *coupled reactions= redox reactions 1.Reduction- gains electrons -creates chemical bond -stores energy in molecule -Photosynthesis(anabolic) 2.Oxidation-loses electrons
Cellular Respiration cycle study giuide
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STUDY GUIDE FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular Respiration: Transfer of energy from organic compounds (especially GLUCOSE) to ATP. AEROBIC: cellular respiration WITH O2 ANEROBIC: cellular respiration WITHOUT O2 TWO STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION: STAGE 1: Glucose is converted to Pyruvate producing small amounts of ATP and NADH. STAGE 2: If O2, then: PYR and NADH make lots of ATP; if no O2, then Lactate or Ethanol and CO2 are produced. SEE FIGURE 10 FROM PAGE 104 IIN THE TEXTBOOK.
Cellular Respiration
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Cellular respiration is a cycle that occurs in both plant and animal cells. However, note that it does not occur in prokaryotic cells for they lack organelles. The first stage of cell respiration takes place outside the mitochondria and is called glycolosis. Here, glucose is converted to two pyruvates. Then through the Krebs Citric Acid Cycle, the pyruvate is changed to Acetyl-CoA and creates more ATP. Finally, the electron chain results in hydrogen ions being pumped out and then forced to diffuse back and in doing so, produce ATP through facilitated diffusion. In this manner, eukaryotic cells create ATP to power their cells.
Light-dependent reaction review
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Diagram of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
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APES outline
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Auxin
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Auxin is a plant hormone. Gravitropism causes it to make stems grow upwards and roots downwards.
Photosynthesis
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Chapter 10?? Photosynthesis Objectives The Process That Feeds the Biosphere ?1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. ?2. Distinguish between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs. ?3. Describe the structure of a chloroplast, listing all membranes and compartments. The Pathways of Photosynthesis ?4. Write a summary equation for photosynthesis. ?5. Explain van Niel's hypothesis and describe how it contributed to our current understanding of photosynthesis. Explain the evidence that supported his hypothesis. ?6. In general terms, explain the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis. ?7. Describe the two main stages of photosynthesis in general terms.
What's on the AP Exam
Subject:
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I. Molecules and Cells 25%
-Chemistry 7%
-Cells 6%
-Photosynthesis 4%
-Respiration 4%
-Cell Division 4%
II. Genetics and Evolution 25%
-Heredity
-Molecular Genetics 9%
-Evolution 8%
III. Organisms and Populations
-Five Kingdom Survey 8%
-Plants 12%
-Animal Structure and Function 10%
-Animal Reproduction and Development 6%
-Animal Behavior 4%
-Ecology 10%
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