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Confounding

STATS PRACTICE

Subject: 
Statistics
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Regression analysis
Design of experiments
Econometrics
Statistical dependence
Dependent and independent variables
Correlation and dependence
Scatter plot
Coefficient of determination
Statistics
Causality
Confounding
Plot

AP Statistics Name ____________________________________________ Chapter 4 Practice Test Part I - Multiple Choice Suppose that the scatterplot of (log x, log y) shows a strong positive correlation Which of the following must be true? The variables x and y also have a correlation close to 1. A scatterplot of (x, y) shows a strong nonlinear pattern. The residual plot of the variables x and y shows a random pattern. I only II only III only I and II I, II, and III What is the purpose of residual plots? To determine causation. To assess the type of relationship that exists between x and y. To check the appropriateness and fit of the regression equation for the data. To measure the variability in the residuals. To provide predictions for the response variable.

Chapter 2: Psychology: Themes and Variations, Canadian Edition

Subject: 
Psychology
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Science
Statistics
Information
Design of experiments
Bias
scientific method
Evaluation methods
sampling
Experimenter's bias
Confounding
Extraneous variable
Attachment theory

Psychological research Operational definition: describes the operation that will be used to measure or control a variable Aim of good scientific research is a) clarity and precision and b) relative intolerance of error Peer-reviewed articles have strict guidelines for publishing Scientific theories are unfinished; studies give credibility to the claim, not prove it Multiple studies decrease the likelihood of statistical anomaly Research methods Experimentation: manipulation of an independent variable under carefully controlled conditions Pros: control; can observe cause-and-effect Cons: can be artificial; ethical concerns Direct observation: observers watch and record behaviour as objectively and precisely as possible with no/minimal interference Pros: minimizes artificiality

Chapter 7: Psychology: Themes and Variations, Canadian Edition

Subject: 
Psychology
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Science
Statistics
Information
Design of experiments
Bias
scientific method
Evaluation methods
sampling
Experimenter's bias
Confounding
Extraneous variable
Attachment theory

Psychological research Operational definition: describes the operation that will be used to measure or control a variable Aim of good scientific research is a) clarity and precision and b) relative intolerance of error Peer-reviewed articles have strict guidelines for publishing Scientific theories are unfinished; studies give credibility to the claim, not prove it Multiple studies decrease the likelihood of statistical anomaly Research methods Experimentation: manipulation of an independent variable under carefully controlled conditions Pros: control; can observe cause-and-effect Cons: can be artificial; ethical concerns Direct observation: observers watch and record behaviour as objectively and precisely as possible with no/minimal interference Pros: minimizes artificiality

Chapter 8: Psychology: Themes and Variations, Canadian Edition

Subject: 
Psychology
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Science
Statistics
Information
Design of experiments
Bias
scientific method
Evaluation methods
sampling
Experimenter's bias
Confounding
Extraneous variable
Attachment theory

Psychological research Operational definition: describes the operation that will be used to measure or control a variable Aim of good scientific research is a) clarity and precision and b) relative intolerance of error Peer-reviewed articles have strict guidelines for publishing Scientific theories are unfinished; studies give credibility to the claim, not prove it Multiple studies decrease the likelihood of statistical anomaly Research methods Experimentation: manipulation of an independent variable under carefully controlled conditions Pros: control; can observe cause-and-effect Cons: can be artificial; ethical concerns Direct observation: observers watch and record behaviour as objectively and precisely as possible with no/minimal interference Pros: minimizes artificiality

Weiten Chapter 2

Subject: 
Psychology
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Statistics
Science
Design of experiments
scientific method
Extraneous variable
Confounding
Experimenter's bias
Dependent and independent variables
Psychology
Variable
Correlation does not imply causation
experiment

Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior Basic assumption: events are governed by some lawful order Goals: Measurement and description Understanding and prediction Application and control Figure 2.1 Flowchart of steps in a scientific investigation Steps in a Scientific Investigation Formulate a testable hypothesis Select the research method and design the study Collect the data Analyze the data and draw conclusions Report the findings Table 2.1 Key Data Collection Techniques in Psychology Looking for Causes: Experimental Research Experiment = manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed Detection of cause-and-effect relationships

The Research in Psychology

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Psychology
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Design of experiments
Knowledge
Psychology
Experimenter's bias
Extraneous variable
Confounding
Research
Dependent and independent variables
experiment
Correlation does not imply causation

SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Grant Clay Period 3 9/2/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 2: The Research in Psychology Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions Scientific Approach to Behavior The Scientific Approach assumes that events are governed by laws. Psychologists assume Behavior is governed by laws. (Like the Earth is governed by the law of Gravity.) 3 Goals of Scientific Enterprise Measurement & Description ? Develop Measurement techniques that describe behavior clearly and precisely. Understanding & Prediction ? Make and Test predictions called Hypothesis. Hypothesis ? Statements about the relationship between two or more variables.

AP Psychology - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Outline

Subject: 
Psychology
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Science
Knowledge
Statistics
Philosophy of science
Evaluation methods
Design of experiments
Covariance and correlation
Psychometrics
Psychology
Confounding
Hindsight
Observation

Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science The Need for Psychological Science Much of contemporary psychological science documents a vast intuitive mind. Intuition is important, but we often underestimate its perils. Two phenomena?hindsight bias and judgmental overconfidence?illustrate why we cannot rely solely on intuition and common sense. Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight Bias The term ?hindsight bias? refers to the tendency to believe, after learning and outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) Errors in out recollections and explanations show why we need psychological research. Common sense more easily describes what has happened than what will happen.
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