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Internal validity

Myers' Psychology for AP - Unit 2 Flashcards1

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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it all-along-phenomenon) *Example: September 11th Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusion. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusion. *Example: An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. *Example: A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. *Example: A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. *Example: Human Intelligence may be operationally defined as what ban intelligence test measures.

Chapter 1: Research

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Research How you can learn to love it, or at least not fear it! Pseudoscience Demonstrations of benefit are based on anecdotes or testimonials The individual?s baseline abilities and the possibility of spontaneous improvement not considered Related scientific procedures are disavowed http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vPC7nPX-X4 Why is this important? Scientific Method Identify and analyze problem Hypothesis based on observation, theory, previous findings Sample, measures, design, procedure Collect data and analyze Draw conclusions and revised theories Discussion of your articles ? how do they illustrate the scientific method (or are they pseudoscience?) Measurement methods Reporting Self-report Informant Psychophysiological Neuroimaging Observation Naturalistic Structured

Variables Practice

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Independent and Dependent Variables An independent variable is a factor that is manipulated in an experiment.? The experimenter controls whether or not subjects are exposed to the independent variable.?? The dependent variable is measured to determine if the manipulation of the independent variable had any effect.? For example,?? to test a hypothesis that eating carrots improves vision, the experimenter would manipulate whether or not subjects ate carrots.? Thus, eating carrots is the independent variable.? Each subject?s vision would be tested to see if carrot eating had any effect.? Thus, vision is the dependent variable.? The subjects assigned to eat carrots are in the experimental group, whereas subjects not eating carrots are in the control group. ?

Research Methods in Psychology: Evaluating a World of Information Chapter 3

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Chapter 3 Variables ? something that varies; must have at least 2 levels, values Constant ? something that could potentially vary but has only 1 level in the study in question Measured vs Manipulated Variables Measured variables ? recording an observation, a statement or a value some variables cannot be manipulated, only measured (eg. gender, IQ, traits such as depression) Manipulated variables ? controlling levels of variable by assigning participants to different levels of that variable some variables cannot be manipulated; it would be unethical (eg.assign children to ?high-quality school? or ?low-quality school? conditions)
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