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Validity

Chapter 1: Research

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Research How you can learn to love it, or at least not fear it! Pseudoscience Demonstrations of benefit are based on anecdotes or testimonials The individual?s baseline abilities and the possibility of spontaneous improvement not considered Related scientific procedures are disavowed http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vPC7nPX-X4 Why is this important? Scientific Method Identify and analyze problem Hypothesis based on observation, theory, previous findings Sample, measures, design, procedure Collect data and analyze Draw conclusions and revised theories Discussion of your articles ? how do they illustrate the scientific method (or are they pseudoscience?) Measurement methods Reporting Self-report Informant Psychophysiological Neuroimaging Observation Naturalistic Structured

Research Methods in Psychology: Evaluating a World of Information Chapter 3

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Chapter 3 Variables ? something that varies; must have at least 2 levels, values Constant ? something that could potentially vary but has only 1 level in the study in question Measured vs Manipulated Variables Measured variables ? recording an observation, a statement or a value some variables cannot be manipulated, only measured (eg. gender, IQ, traits such as depression) Manipulated variables ? controlling levels of variable by assigning participants to different levels of that variable some variables cannot be manipulated; it would be unethical (eg.assign children to ?high-quality school? or ?low-quality school? conditions)

Testing & Individual Differences

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Testing and Individual Differences Standardizations and Norms Standardized ? a test piloted on a sample population and norms of achievement have been established. People taking an experimental part of the SAT who represent a general group of SAT takers is the standardization sample. Questions everyone can answer and those almost no one can answer are discarded. Ideally, this allow for comparison between one person?s 1999 score and your score. Reliability and Validity Reliability is the consistency of the test. If you take it 3 times, all your scores should be similar. It is measured in the following ways: Split-half divides the test in two and correlates people?s scores Equivalent-form- correlation among different versions of the test
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