Medicine

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anatomy

Carbohydrate digestion

Stomach

Gastric acid

Bile

Saliva

TheHumanDigestiveSystem Oral Cavity Chewing Saliva moistens food Saliva contains enzymes Esophagus Moves food to the stomach by peristalsis Stomach Sphincters control movement of food into and out of the stomach Stomach glands release gastric juices water, enzymes, mucus, acid Most food moves on to the small intestine within 4 hours Small Intestine Liver and pancreas secrete enzymes into the small intestine Digestion is completed Nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls Colon(Large Intestine) Bacteria produce some vitamins Vitamins absorbed into bloodstream Water is reabsorbed Feces move on to the rectum Carbohydrate Digestion Mouth Salivary amylase breaks starch into sugar Stomach pH is too low for amylase to work Small Intestine

Genetic Testing PP

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Genetics

Genetic testing

Introduction to genetics

Gene

Mutation

genotype

Dominance

BRCA1

DNA

Cancer

Single cell fertilized egg 1 cell type, single DNA code Embryo hundreds of cell types, same DNA code Each cell type is defined by the genes that are expressed in that cell ?Gene expression? Single cell fertilized egg 1 cell type, single DNA code Neuron Hemoglobin ? Dopamine + Myoglobin - Muscle cells Hemoglobin ? Dopamine + Myoglobin - Red blood cells Hemoglobin ? Dopamine + Myoglobin - Each cell type only expressed a restricted subset of genes Single cell fertilized egg 1 cell type, single DNA code Neuron Hemoglobin ? Dopamine + Myoglobin - Muscle cells Hemoglobin ? Dopamine + Myoglobin - Red blood cells Hemoglobin ? Dopamine + Myoglobin - Each cell type only expressed a restricted subset of genes How??? Epigenetic marks applied to DNA

Human Body

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anatomy

Angiology

Respiratory physiology

Organs

Respiration

Respiratory system

Blood

Pulmonary circulation

Lung

Circulatory system

Skeletal System The human skeleton is divided into two main parts the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the vertebral column, the rib cage, and the skull. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle, and the lower limbs. Identify 20 major bones in the body. The following are major bones in the body: Cranium, mandible, femur, patella, scapula, ulna, clavicle, humorous, sternum, lumbar, vertebrae, cervical vertebrae, radius, pubis, carpals, metacarpals, sacrum, coccyx, tibia, phalanges, ilium, fibula, tarsals, and ribs. State the functions of the skeletal system.

Dietary

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Dietary Supplements People take?dietary supplements?to obtain essential nutrients that may be deficient or missing in their diets. Supplements may contain vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, fats and herbs. Yet, they may have risks. There are disastrous drug interactions A higher proportion of people reporting adverse reactions when taking dietary supplements, particularly multivitamin multimineral supplements, concurrently take prescription or over-the-counter medications that supplement users without?adverse events. Taking supplements that contain vitamin A while also taking Accutane, a prescription drug that contains isotretinoin and is indicated for treatment of cystic acne, can increase the toxic effects of the medication.

Cancer

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Oncology

Carcinogenesis

genes

Tumor suppressor genes

Cancer

BIOLOGY NOTES MONDAY 17, 2014 (CHAPTER 11) 6 Characteristics of cancerous cells Grow when should not Continue to grow when other cells send ?stop? signals When change in their DNA, Apoptosis doesn?t occur Can co-opt vascular system creating new blood vessels Immortal (MOST IMPORTANT) Can metastasis, which moving to other parts Mutations in 2 types of genes cause cancer Positive growth regulators Negative growth regulators Explain how the mutations cause runaway all proliferation More positive growth, results in hyperactivity Uncontrolled cell division, No brakes 2 types of genes Proto-oncogene- Normal Function- Promote cell division (code for positive growth regulator) Mutation- Runaway cell division causing hyperactivity

Cancer

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Oncology

Carcinogenesis

genes

Tumor suppressor genes

Cancer

BIOLOGY NOTES MONDAY 17, 2014 (CHAPTER 11) 6 Characteristics of cancerous cells Grow when should not Continue to grow when other cells send ?stop? signals When change in their DNA, Apoptosis doesn?t occur Can co-opt vascular system creating new blood vessels Immortal (MOST IMPORTANT) Can metastasis, which moving to other parts Mutations in 2 types of genes cause cancer Positive growth regulators Negative growth regulators Explain how the mutations cause runaway all proliferation More positive growth, results in hyperactivity Uncontrolled cell division, No brakes 2 types of genes Proto-oncogene- Normal Function- Promote cell division (code for positive growth regulator) Mutation- Runaway cell division causing hyperactivity

Rookie, Ranger, Star

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Emergency medical services

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sports

Rookie

Ranger Patrol Item #1: Somersaults Demonstrate 1 forward AND 1 backward somersault in the water as a continuous sequence. Item #2: Head-up Swim Stride entry and swim 25 m or yd. head-up front crawl or breaststroke. Assume ready position. Item #3: Eggbeater Kick Demonstrate 25 m or yd. eggbeater kick on back. Item #4: Object Support Support a 2.3 kg (5 lb.) object for 1 minute in deep water. Item #5: Search Head-up approach into surface dive to a maximum depth of 2 m. Swim underwater for a least 2-3 m or yd. to recover a small object. Surface and carry object to starting point. Item #6: Removal Demonstrate an assisted removal of a conscious victim. Item #7: Stroke Development Swim front crawl, back crawl, and breaststroke (75 m or yd.) each. Item #8: Lifesaving Medley

Rookie, Ranger, Star

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Emergency medical services

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sports

Rookie

Ranger Patrol Item #1: Somersaults Demonstrate 1 forward AND 1 backward somersault in the water as a continuous sequence. Item #2: Head-up Swim Stride entry and swim 25 m or yd. head-up front crawl or breaststroke. Assume ready position. Item #3: Eggbeater Kick Demonstrate 25 m or yd. eggbeater kick on back. Item #4: Object Support Support a 2.3 kg (5 lb.) object for 1 minute in deep water. Item #5: Search Head-up approach into surface dive to a maximum depth of 2 m. Swim underwater for a least 2-3 m or yd. to recover a small object. Surface and carry object to starting point. Item #6: Removal Demonstrate an assisted removal of a conscious victim. Item #7: Stroke Development Swim front crawl, back crawl, and breaststroke (75 m or yd.) each. Item #8: Lifesaving Medley

Two Historical And Two Modern Examples of Disease Outbreaks

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World History

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disease

Two Historical Disease Outbreaks Black Plague- This was one of the world?s most deadly pandemics in history. It killed anywhere from 75 to 200 million people during the years of 1348-1350. It was nicknamed the Black Death and started in China but took full effect in Europe. Smallpox- This was an ?Old World? disease that almost all Europeans were immune to, but when they began to explore and conquer South America they brought it to the Natives and it is estimated that over 95% of the natives died because of this disease Two Modern Examples Swine Flu- H1N1 is a highly contagious and deadly disease that spreads easily which makes it susceptible to worldwide outbreaks. In 2009 a worldwide pandemic occurred and there was much hysteria over the disease

ApBo

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anatomy

Antigen

Adaptive immune system

Autoimmunity

Antibody

Passive immunity

B cell