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Condensed matter physics

Chapter 1.2 Outline

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Gas
Liquid

Matter Classified by? Physical State (Gas/ Liquid/ Solid) Composition (Element/ Compound/ Mixture) States of Matter Gas (vapor) No fixed volume or shape Uniformly fills its container Can be compressed to occupy a smaller volume Can be expanded to occupy a larger volume Molecules are far apart, move quickly, and often collide with the surrounding container Liquid Distinct volume (independent of container) No fixed shape (assumes shape of occupied container) Can't be compressed Molecules are packed closely but can still move (they flow over each other, reducing viscosity Solid Definite shape and definite volume Can't be compressed Molecules have fixed positions an wiggle only slightly *Temperature and pressure changes lead to phase changes of the substance

AP serway notes chp 9

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Chapter 9 Solids and Fluids States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Solids Have definite volume Have definite shape Molecules are held in specific locations By electrical forces Vibrate about equilibrium positions Can be modeled as springs connecting molecules More About Solids External forces can be applied to the solid and compress the material In the model, the springs would be compressed When the force is removed, the solid returns to its original shape and size This property is called elasticity Crystalline Solid Atoms have an ordered structure This example is salt Gray spheres represent Na+ ions Green spheres represent Cl- ions Amorphous Solid Atoms are arranged almost randomly Examples include glass Liquid

Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Vocabulary Terms

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electron configuration

Amplitude ? magnitude of change within an oscillating system of the oscillation variable with each oscillation Angular momentum quantum number ? the quantum number that indicates the shape of an orbital Atomic emission spectrum ? the range of the frequencies of electromagnetic radiation Aufbau Principle ? the principle that states that the structure of each successive element is obtained by adding one proton to the nucleus of the atom and one electron to the lowest-energy De Broglie?s Relation ? said that particles can exhibit wave-like behaviour Electromagnetic radiation ? the radiation associated with an electric and magnetic field. Varies periodically and travels at the speed of light Electromagnetic spectrum ?all of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

Electron filling diagram

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1s2s2p
electron
chemestry

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f ? 6s 6p 6d ? 7s 7p ? 8s ? The order of increasing energy of the sublevels: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d ? This order corresponds to the order in which the energy sublevels are filled by electrons. nucleus 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 4d 4f n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 Energy level (n) Energy sublevel Increasing Energy
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