AP Bio Lab - Diffusion and Osmosis
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Chemical engineering
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AP serway notes chp 9
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Chapter 9 Solids and Fluids States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Solids Have definite volume Have definite shape Molecules are held in specific locations By electrical forces Vibrate about equilibrium positions Can be modeled as springs connecting molecules More About Solids External forces can be applied to the solid and compress the material In the model, the springs would be compressed When the force is removed, the solid returns to its original shape and size This property is called elasticity Crystalline Solid Atoms have an ordered structure This example is salt Gray spheres represent Na+ ions Green spheres represent Cl- ions Amorphous Solid Atoms are arranged almost randomly Examples include glass Liquid
Specific heat capacity table
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Specific Heat Capacity Table Substance Specific Heat Capacity? at 25oC in J/goC H2 gas 14.267 He gas 5.300 H2O(l) 4.184 lithium 3.56 ethyl alcohol 2.460 ethylene glycol 2.200 ice @ 0oC 2.010 steam @ 100oC 2.010 vegetable oil 2.000 sodium 1.23 air 1.020 magnesium 1.020 aluminum 0.900 Concrete 0.880 glass 0.840 potassium 0.75 sulphur 0.73 calcium 0.650 iron 0.444 nickel 0.440 zinc 0.39 copper 0.385 brass 0.380 sand 0.290 silver 0.240 tin 0.21 lead 0.160 mercury 0.14 gold 0.129 ?
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Stoichiometry Notes
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Stoichiometry mass and amount relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction Rules for Solving Stoichiometry Problems A balanced, properly written equation is essential because the coefficients tell you the mole to mole ratio. Converting to moles is essential! Example: When CaC2 reacts with water, acetylene gas (C2H2) and calcium hydroxide are produced. How many grams of water are required to produce 1.55 moles of C2H2? Step 1: Write a balanced equation. CaC2 + 2H2O ? C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 Step 2: Determine what info you have and what you are trying to determine. You know you need to produce 1.55 moles of C2H2, and you need to determine how many grams of water are required to do this.
Graphing functions
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Laws of Thermodynamics
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The Zeroth Law There are four laws of thermodynamics which build upon each other. They are numbered 0 through 3 because the most fundamental law was discovered after the First Law had already been given the number 1. Therefore, they had to assign the most fundamental law the number 0. The Zeroth Law simply says there is no heat flow between objects that are the same temperature. In essence, the Zeroth Law is just a definition of what temperature is.
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