clauses - dependent/subordinate or independent/main
- must have both a subject and a verb
independent clause - stands alone as a complete sentence
- can have compound parts
- found in all sentences
- does not act as an adjective, adverb, or noun
dependent clause - not a complete thought
- depends on the independent clause
- starts w/ a relative pronoun or a subordinate conjunction
- works as an adjective, adverb, noun
adjective dependent clause - describes a noun
- usually follows the noun it modifies
- essential clause - needed; cannot be removed from the sentence w/o changing its meaning
- nonessential clause - can be removed w/o changing the sentence's meaning
- use "who," "whom," or "whose" to describe people; don't use "that"
- use "that" for essential clauses; don't use "which"
adverb dependent clause - begins w/ subordinate conjunction
- answers the questions when, where, how, why, to what extent, under what conditions
- can come before/after the main clause
- elliptical adverb - certain words are left out and implied
noun dependent clause - replaces a noun in a sentence
- can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, predicate noun/nominative, appositive
- direct object - answers the question "what?"
- indirect object - comes before the direct object; answers the question "to whom?"; cannot exist in a sentence w/o the direct object
- predicate noun - linked to the subject by a linking verb; renames the subject
- appositive - renames the noun; usually follows it, enclosed by commas
Subject:
Subject X2:
