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Glucose

carbohydrates_reading_wiley

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Carbohydrate chemistry

Polysaccharides

Oligosaccharide

Carbohydrates Robert J Sturgeon, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK The carbohydrates comprise one of the major groups of naturally occurring organic molecules and are amongst the most abundant constituents of plants, animals and microorganisms. In general, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy-aldehydes or-ketones. They may contain, in addition, amino, acetamido and carboxyl functional groups. Introduction The term carbohydrate includes monosaccharides, oligo- saccharides and polysaccharides. Also included are sub- stances derived from monosaccharides such as alditols, which are derived by reduction of the carbonyl group and carboxylic acids, which are derived by oxidation of one or more terminal groups. Replacement of a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom produces a deoxy-sugar and

carbohydrate biofact sheet

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Carbohydrate chemistry

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates: Revision Summary B io F actsheet January 1999 Number 39 1 Carbohydrates contain 3 elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). Thus, if we remove water from carbohydrates, all that remains is carbon. Carbohydrates can be divided into 3 categories; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (Table 1). Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Monosaccharides and disaccharides are sugars. They all have the basic formula (CH2O)n and can be classified according to how many carbon atoms they contain. 3C = triose sugars e.g. glyceraldehyde C3H5O2 5C = pentose sugars e.g. ribose C5H10O5 6C = hexose sugars e.g. glucose C6H12O6 Formation of disaccharides - typical exam questions Common exam questions include:

AP bio macromolecules ppt

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Molecular biology

Polymer chemistry

* Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules * The Molecules of Life Overview: Another level in the hierarchy of biological organization is reached when small organic molecules are joined together Atom ---> molecule ---? compound * Macromolecules Are large molecules composed of smaller molecules Are complex in their structures Figure 5.1 * Macromolecules Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers Four classes of life?s organic molecules are polymers Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids * A polymer Is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers Specific monomers make up each macromolecule E.g. amino acids are the monomers for proteins * The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers

Organic Chemistry Lecture 23

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Carbohydrate chemistry

Sugar substitutes

Stereochemistry

Chapter 23 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids Chapter 23 * Carbohydrates Synthesized by plants using sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O to glucose and O2. Polymers include starch and cellulose. Starch is a storage unit for solar energy. Most sugars have formula Cn(H2O)n, ?hydrate of carbon.? Chapter 23 Chapter 23 * Classification of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides or simple sugars: polyhydroxyaldehydes or aldoses polyhydroxyketones or ketoses Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides hydrolyze to many monosaccharide units. For example, starch and cellulose have > 1000 glucose units. Chapter 23 Chapter 23 * Monosaccharides Classified using three criteria:

Pearson Biology Guided Reading Answers Chapter 3

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Molecular biology

Equilibrium chemistry

Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells Copyright ? 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Name ________________________ Period _________ # 152826 Cust: Pearson Au: Reece Pg. No. 15 Title: Active Reading Guide for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 8e C / M / Y / K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4-CARLISLE Publishing Services Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells Guided Reading Activities Big idea: Introduction to organic compounds Answer the following questions as you read modules 3.1?3.3: 1. Is this molecule an organic compound? Briefly explain your answer. OHH C HH C H H Alcohol 2. We are a carbon-based life form. List three properties of carbon that make it an ideal element from which to construct a wide variety of complex molecules.

Pearson Guided Reading Activities KEY CH3

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Molecular biology

Equilibrium chemistry

Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells Copyright ? 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Name ________________________ Period _________ # 152826 Cust: Pearson Au: Reece Pg. No. 15 Title: Active Reading Guide for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 8e C / M / Y / K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4-CARLISLE Publishing Services Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells Guided Reading Activities Big idea: Introduction to organic compounds Answer the following questions as you read modules 3.1?3.3: 1. Is this molecule an organic compound? Briefly explain your answer. OHH C HH C H H Alcohol 2. We are a carbon-based life form. List three properties of carbon that make it an ideal element from which to construct a wide variety of complex molecules.

Sugars

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Carbohydrate chemistry

Polysaccharides

Chemical Components of Cells - Part I: Sugars 1/14 Living organisms are chemical systems Cells contain relatively few elements The distribution of elements differs dramatically from living organisms to inanimate matter Mostly carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen Why do living organisms contain so much hydrogen and oxygen? Water is the most abundant molecule in the cell Atoms can interact with each other through covalent and non-covalent bonds MOLECULES ARE COVALENTLY BONDED ATOMS Result from the sharing of electrons & form the backbone of molecules Strong molecular bonds that require energy to make and break The number of electrons in the outer shell determine reactivity* Not always shared equally (i.e. Polar vs non-polar molecules)

Chapter 9 Notes

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Cellular respiration

Metabolic pathway

Lactic acid fermentation

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cellular respiration

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Citric acid cycle

Electron transport chain

Oxidative phosphorylation

Mitochondrial matrix

Chapter 9 notes Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Concept 9.1 Metabolic pathways that release energy are called catabolic pathways - fermentation and cellular respiration _____________: partial degradation of sugars that occurs w/out the help of O2 ________: O2 is consumed as a reactant along w/ the sugar - more efficient Concept 9.1 Cellular respiration occurs in the _______________ Organic + O2 ? Carbon + H2O + Energy compounds dioxide C6H12O6 + 6O2 ? 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy 1 glucose = -686 kcals Concept 9.1 ATP is the central molecule responsible for energy used by the cell The cell uses enzymes to transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other compounds (making them _________________) ATP ? ADP + phosphate Concept 9.1

Cellular Respiration Notes

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Cellular respiration

Metabolic pathways

Exercise physiology

Citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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cellular respiration

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

Citric acid cycle

Electron transport chain

Cellular Respiration Wednesday, March 06, 2013 5:23 PM ? Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration - an ATP-generating process that occurs within cells; energy is extracted from energy-rich glucose to form ATP from ADP and phosphate C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Glucose + air = carbon dioxide + water + energy Aerobic respiration - cellular respiration in the presence of O2; divided into three components: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation ? Glycolysis Glycolysis - the decomposition (lysis) of glucose (glyco) to pyruvate (or pyruvic acid); nine intermediate products are formed and, of course, each one is catalyzed by an enzyme; in six of the steps, magnesium ions are cofactors that promote enzyme activity; summary of the steps:

cellular respiration

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Cellular respiration

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