Prokaryote

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microbiology

Prokaryote

bacteria

cell

fission

Plasmid

Eukaryote

Chromosome

Heterocyst

Pilus

Chapter 27- Bacteria and Archaea Prokaryotes live everywhere and are microscopic Concept 27.1: Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success Earth's first organisms were likely prokaryotes Most unicellular, although some form colonies Between .5-5 micrometers, much smaller than eukaryotic cells(10-100 micrometers) Many shapes Spheres (cocci) Rods (bacilli) Spirals Figure 27.2 Prokaryotic cell has a cell wall, which maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment (Eukaryotes have a cell wall made of cellulose or chitin) Capsule- polysaccharide or protein layer that covers prokaryotes

Origin of the Cell

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Monera

Eukaryote

organism

Prokaryotes- An organism of the kingdom Monera (or Prokaryotae), comprising the bacteria and cyanobacteria; characterized by the absence of a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and by DNA that is not organized into chromosomes. Spontaneous generation- mistaken idea that life can arise from nonliving materials Biogenesis- Idea that living organisms come only from other living organisms. Protocell- Large, ordered structure, enclosed by a membrane, that carries out some life activities, such as growth and division. Archaebacteria- Chemosynthetic prokaryotes that live in harsh environments, such as deep-sea vents and hot springs The Origin of Life Origins: The Early Ideas Spontaneous generation The idea that nonliving material can produce life

Campbell Bio 8Ed Ch1 Notes Outline

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cell

Chapter 1 Inquiring About the World of Life: Evolution: fundamental organizing principle of bio Biology: scientific study of life Answer questions about our everyday lives Evolution is core of bio New properties exist at each level of biology Emergent properties: arise at each level that do not exist at the preceding level Systems Biology: goal is to model the dynamic behavior of bio systems Organisms interact with environment Structure and Function Correlate at all levels Cells are basic units of structure and function Eukaryotic cell: subdivided into internal membranes Prokaryotic cell: simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cell Life based on information in form of DNA Genes: units that transmit inheritance info Genome: ?library of genetic instructions an organism inherits?

chapter 27 notes

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cell

Prokaryote

Peptidoglycan

Gram-positive bacteria

Eukaryote

Chapter 27- bacteria and archaea Hypotonic hypertonic Lysis Mycoplasmas- bacteria that lack cell walls Gram positive bacteria- cell walls made of peptidoglycan Penicillin works on gram positive bacteria by preventing the synthesis of peptidoglycan Cell wall layers are: outermost is capsule, then lipopolysaccharide, then peptidoglycan, then phospholipids Cell wall is source of endotoxin Gram negative bacyeria- outer membrane with toxic lipopolysaccharides Plasmolysis- loss of water due to osmosis causes cytoplasm to pull away from cell wall Occurs in environments with high sugar content DNA should be located in the following to avoid cell death by adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temp: Nucleoid, endospore, plasmid

chapter 26 notes

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bacteria

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Gram-positive bacteria

Chapter 26 Rooted Tree- has an ancestor common to all organisms on the tree Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Node- spot where a common ancestor exists of branches coming off of it Phylocode method of classification- naming based on similarities Homoplasy- a trait (genetic, morphological etc.) that is shared by two or more taxa because of convergent evolution i.e. 4 chambered heart in mammals and birds Clade- a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants, a single "branch" Cladistics- grouped together based on whether or not they have one or more shared unique characteristics that come from the group's last common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors

AP Bio Study

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RNA

cell

DNA

Gene

Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 26: The Tree of Life: An Introduction to Biological Diversity Chapter Questions 1) The first genetic material was most likely a(n) A) DNA polymer. B) DNA oligonucleotide. C) RNA polymer. D) protein. E) protein enzyme. Answer: C Topic: Concept 26.1 Skill: Knowledge 2) Which gas was probably least abundant in Earth's early atmosphere? A) O2 B) CO C) CH4 D) H2O E) NH3 Answer: A Topic: Concept 26.1 Skill: Knowledge 3) In their laboratory simulations of the early Earth, Miller and Urey observed the abiotic synthesis of A) amino acids. B) complex organic polymers. C) DNA. D) liposomes. E) nucleoli. Answer: A Topic: Concept 26.1 Skill: Knowledge

Biology Studyguide

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