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economics

Monopolistic Competition

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competing producers sell products that are differentiated from one another as good but not perfect substitutes such as from branding, quality, or location ?ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms Characteristics There are many producers and many consumers in the market, and no business has total control over the market price. Consumers perceive that there are non-price differences among the competitors' products. There are few barriers to entry and exit.[4] Producers have a degree of control over price Short Run firms can behave like monopolies in the short ru including by using market power to generate profit. ? Long Run ?the market becomes more like a perfectly competitive?one where firms cannot gain economic profit

E2020 Economics

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Any resources that are made by humans and used to create other goods and services are called: Capital. Which of the following lists would an economist consider land? Iron ore, Natural gas, Fertile Soil, Water. An example of a shortage is limited amounts of food available because the trucks carrying it are on strike. Land, Labor, and Capital. Factors of Production. The resources used to make all goods and services are the Factors of Production. Actions or activities that one person performs for another. Services. Physical objects that can be exchanged. Goods. Paid effort that people devote to a task. Labor. Temporary lack of one or more goods. Shortage.

Formulas for Macroeconomics

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Formulas for Macroeconomics GDP = C+Ig+G+Xn NDP = GDP ? consumption of fixed capital = GDP - depreciation NI = NDP ? Net foreign factor income earned ? indirect business taxes PI = NI ? SS Contributions ? corporate income taxes ? undist. corporate profit + transfer payments DI = PI ? personal taxes = consumption + savings Price Index Nominal GDP/real GDP Inflation rate (Index 2 ? Index 1)/Index 1 Real GDP Nominal GDP/Price Index Unemployment Rate (Unemployed/Labor force)*100 Okun?s Law For every 1% point actual unemployment rate exceeds natural rate, GDP gap of 2% occurs. Real Income Nominal income/Price index APC Consumption/income APS Saving/income MPC Change in consumption/change in income MPS Change in saving/change in income

Supply & Demand

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?PAGE ? ?PAGE ?1? Microeconomics Notes Test I Econ as a science Social science in which models or theories are used or aides in understanding & predicting behavior Goals Efficient use of limited (scarce) resources Maximum satisfaction of human wants Models predict & explain human behavior, but not perfect Principles of economics Models & Realism ? simplification of real world Only essential relationships are needed to analyze a specific problem Usefulness of a model ? Model I useful if it yields consistent predictions or explanations when real world data is applied Models of Behavior ? Models relate to the way people act using limited resources, not the way they think

Some help with Economics

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Market Structures Perfect Competition?Ideal, but theoretical Large number of buyers and sellers Well-informed Independent Identical products Freedom to get into and out of business Perfect competition is really a baseline used to judge other market structures Market Structures (cont.) Monopolistic Competition?Similar to perfect competition except that the products are not identical Product differentiation?real or imagined is used more than price to get customers Oligopoly?a few large sellers dominate the industry These companies tend to copy each other so that no one will have the advantage Example: stuffed crust pizza, ?combination meal?, ?ice beer? Collusion and price-fixing Market Structures (cont.) Monopoly?A market with only one seller

Economics Semester Overview

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MICROECONOMICS - TEST ONE NAME __________________________________ Forty-four multiple choice questions, each worth 2 points; and two short-answer questions, each worth 6 points. For each question, circle the best answer. 1. The study of economics is primarily concerned with: A) keeping private businesses from losing money. B) keeping economics professors from starving to death. C) choices that are made in seeking to use scarce resources efficiently. D) determining the most equitable (fair) distribution of the government's money. 2. Even though the Orlando Sentinel is inexpensive, people rarely buy more than one of them each day. This fact: A) is an example of irrational behavior.

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