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Regulation of gene expression

Pearson Ch. 18 - Regulation of Gene Expression

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Ch 18 - Regulation of Gene Expression Overview: Conducting the Genetic Orchestra Prokaryotes and eukaryotes alter gene expression in response to their changing environment In multicellular eukaryotes, gene expression regulates development and is responsible for differences in cell types RNA molecules play many roles in regulating gene expression in eukaryotes Concept 18.1: Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription metabolic control occurs on two levels cells can adjust the activity of enzymes already present feedback inhibition - presence of enzyme a shuts down synthesis of more enzyme a by inhibiting activity cells can regulate the expression of the genes encoding the enzymes Operons: The Basic Concept

ap_bio_chap_15_gene_regulation.ppt

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0 15 Regulation of Gene Expression Overview: Differential Expression of Genes Prokaryotes and eukaryotes alter gene expression in response to their changing environment Multicellular eukaryotes also develop and maintain multiple cell types Gene expression is often regulated at the transcription stage, but control at other stages is important, too Concept 15.1: Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription Natural selection has favored bacteria that produce only the gene products needed by the cell A cell can regulate the production of enzymes by feedback inhibition or by gene regulation Gene expression in bacteria is controlled by a mechanism described as the operon model Regulation of gene expression Precursor trpE gene (a) Regulation of enzyme

Gene Regulation

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Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes The latest estimates are that a human cell, a eukaryotic cell, contains some 21,000 genes. Some of these are expressed in all cells all the time. These so-called housekeeping genes are responsible for the routine metabolic functions (e.g. respiration) common to all cells. Some are expressed as a cell enters a particular pathway of differentiation. Some are expressed all the time in only those cells that have differentiated in a particular way. For example, a plasma cell expresses continuously the genes for the antibody it synthesizes. Some are expressed only as conditions around and in the cell change. For example, the arrival of a hormone may turn on (or off) certain genes in that cell.

Epigenetics

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ONLINE EPIGENETICS ? IS IT ONLY ABOUT THE DNA? Name Gabi Calhoun AP BIOLOGY Hour _______ Go to: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/ The following questions begin with the title of the section of the module you will be working with. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper as you work through the module. THE EPIGENOME AT A GLANCE What is the epigenome? the second layer of dna with chemical tags How is this different from your genome? genome is the general structure but its done by the epigenome GENE CONTROL Describe the following characteristics when a gene is active: Is the gene tightly or loosely wound around histones? loosely Are there many or few methyl molecules attached to the gene? many

Gene Regulation powerpoint

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Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression Correlations to AP Bio Course Curriculum See Unit 3 Essential Knowledge document for all EK statements for Chapter 18. Correlations to AP Bio Course Curriculum Learning Objective 3.18: The student is able to describe the connection between the regulation of gene expression and observed differences between different kinds of organisms. Learning Objective 3.19: The student is able to describe the connection between the regulation of gene expression and observed differences between individuals in a population. Correlations to AP Bio Course Curriculum Learning Objective 3.20: The student is able to explain how the regulation of gene expression is essential for the processes and structures that support efficient cell function.

Bio_160_Lecture4

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Gene Expression Chapter 11 ? Differentiation yields a variety of cell types, each expressing a different combination of genes ? Different types of cells make different proteins because different combinations of genes are active in each type Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells Fiure 11.2 Differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential Most differentiated cells retain a complete set of genes Root of carrot plant Root cells cultured in nutrient medium Cell division in culture Plantlet Adult Plant Single cell Figure 11.3 DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes helps regulate gene expression ? A chromosome contains DNA wound around clusters of histone proteins ? This beaded fiber is further wound and folded

AP Biology Chapter 18 Notes Campbell/Reece

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Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression Conducting the Genetic Orchestra Cells precisely regulate their gene expression. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes must alter thaier patterns of gene expression in response to changes in the environment. Remember, each cell contains the same genetic information, but the liver cell and brain cell express very different proteins, etc. This chapter will look at how cells (bacteria, eukayotes, etc.) regulate expression of their genes. Point: in eukaryotes, the expression of a gene is often regulated at the level of transcription. Learn this. Point: disruptions in gene regulation can lead to cancer 18.1 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating Transcription

bio diagram

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glucose lactose operator (repressor binding site) PromoterZYA lacZ lacY lacAcrp lacI repressor active activator inactive PromoterIPromotercrp + - mRNA mRNA activator binding site polymerase RNA polymerase RNA operator (repressor binding site) PromoterZYA lacZ lacY lacAcrp lacI repressor active repressor lactose inactive activator inactive cAMP activator active PromoterIPromotercrp mRNA mRNA mRNA LacZ (?gal) LacY LacA activator binding site polymerase RNA polymerase RNA repressor active can metabolize lactose!cAMP + - + lactose + cAMP activator active polymerase RNA DNA DNA The lac operon: a model of gene regulation in E. coli MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 7.01SC Fundamentals of Biology Fall 2011
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