15. Reconstruction – 1865-1877

I. Presidential Plans – tough to be successful with Radical Republicans demanding revenge
    A. Lincoln – if lived – impeached like Johnson or more sensitive to the South?
        1. Believed South never legally withdrawn – 10% plan + create new state gov’t
        2. Congressional fear that South would return to aristocracy and re-enslave blacks
            a. Wade-Davis Plan – 50% sign oath + emancipation guarantees
                1. Lincoln pocket vetoes and allows states to choose either plan
        3. Congress is a majority moderate Republicans with some Radical Republicans
    B. Johnson – surprised Congress – followed 10% plan and some states reentered
        1. State constitutions only have to 1) repeal secession, 2) repudiate debts, 3) ratify 13th
        2. Johnson pardoned many aristocrats

II. Congressional Reconstruction
    A. December 1865 – Southern delegates arrive in D.C. – many of same Confederate leaders
        1. Republicans outraged at seeing these elected Confederate aristocrats return
            a. December 4, 1865 – Congress closes doors – fears too much Democrat power
                1. Can’t be enemies one minute – peers the next
                2. South actually has more power – more electors/Reps due to cancelled 3/5
3. If Southern Dems. Join with Northern Dems. – they control gov’t and can repeal laws passed during Civil War and re-enslave blacks
    B. Pass through 14th Amendment – gives freedmen (former slaves) citizenship +
        1. Any state that refuses black voting rights – loses reps
        2. Former Confederate leaders can’t run for U.S. Congress
        3. Repudiates Southern debts
    C. Andrew Johnson “Sir Veto” starts vetoing Radical Republican Congress laws
        1. 1866 election vetoproofs Congress – they now have 2/3 to overrule
    D. Military Reconstruction – Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner – lead  Radicals
        1. 5 Military Districts run by Union General + 20,000 soldiers – Supreme Court allows
        2. Blacks must be allowed to vote – 15th Amendment makes voting permanent
        3. Because only forced on them, as soon as soldiers leave “white redeemers” return South

III. Realities of Radical Reconstruction
    A. Benefits – Blacks in South AND North can now vote – Union League organized blacks
        1. New Southern constitutions written
        2. Black participation in Congress – 14 black Congressmen, 2 black senators
        3. Improved  Southern infrastructure – schools, public works, property rights for women

IV. Impeachment of Johnson – Congress passes laws they know he will have to disobey
    A. Tenure of Office Act – Senate approval before any Presidential firings
    B. Johnson impeached after firing Secretary of War Stanton – he was spying for Radical Republ
        1. Almost impeached, but luckily Senate didn’t because 1) replacement bad 2) would hurt country, 3) Johnson said he’d stop vetoing

V. Overall Assessment of Reconstruction
    A. Theory – failed because North cared about helping Republican Party and free slaves quickly
    B. Fails because most Northerners stop caring
    C. Fails  -US beliefs in personal property, self-govt, state control conflict with Reconstruction
    D. Opinions – North wronged South through Reconstruction – just as bad as Civil War
        1. or…Noble attempt to give equal rights to slaves – blacks received unprecedented freedoms initially

VI. Reconstruction ends - Hayes-Tilden corrupt election 1876 – Hayes wins but agrees to pull out troops