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Overnourishment of aquatic ecosystems with plant nutrients (mostly nitrates and phosphates) because of human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and discharges from industrial plants and sewage treatment plants. See eutrophication.
Solid outer zone of the earth. It consists of oceanic crust and continental crust. Compare core, mantle.
Gooey liquid consisting mostly of hydrocarbon compounds and small amounts of compounds containing oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Extracted from underground accumulations, it is sent to oil refineries, where it is converted to heating oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, tar, and other materials. Also oil, petroleum.
Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year. Also death rate is used. Compare crude birth rate.
Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year. Also birth rate is used. Compare crude death rate.
Extremely hot forest fire that burns ground vegetation and treetops. Compare controlled burning, ground fire, surface fire.
Planting a field, or an area of a field, with different crops from year to year to reduce soil nutrient depletion. A plant such as corn, tobacco, or cotton, which removes large amounts of nitrogen from the soil, is planted one year. The next year a legume such as soybeans, which adds nitrogen to the soil, is planted.
Long areas of land that connect habitat that would otherwise become fragmented.
Inner zone of the earth. It consists of a solid inner core and a liquid outer core. Compare crust, mantle.
Formation produced by massive colonies containing billions of tiny coral animals, called polyps, that secrete a stony substance (calcium carbonate) around themselves for protection. When the corals die, their empty outer skeletons form layers and cause the reef to grow. They are found in the coastal zones of warm tropical and subtropical oceans.
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