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Plant species found in the early stages of succession that (1) grow close to the ground, (2) can establish large populations quickly under harsh conditions, and (3) have short lives. Compare late successional plant species, midsuccessional plant species.
Elongation of a dust dome by winds that can spread a city's pollutants hundreds of kilometers downwind.
Dome of heated air that surrounds an urban area and traps pollutants, especially suspended particulate matter. See also urban heat island.
Condition in which an area does not get enough water because of (1) lower-thannormal precipitation or (2) higher-than-normal temperatures that increase evaporation.
Catching fish in huge nets that drift in the water.
Type of surface mining in which chain buckets and draglines scrape up sand, gravel, and other surface deposits covered with water. It is also used to remove sediment from streams and harbors to maintain shipping channels. See dredge spoils. Compare area strip mining, contour strip mining, mountaintop removal, open-pit mining, subsurface.
Materials scraped from the bottoms of harbors and streams to maintain shipping channels. High levels of toxic substances that have settled out of the water often contaminate these materials. See dredging.
Time it takes (usually in years) for the quantity of something growing exponentially to double. It can be calculated by dividing the annual percentage growth rate into 70. See rule of 70.
Plot of data showing effects of various doses of a toxic agent on a group of test organisms. See dose, median lethal dose, response.
Amount of a potentially harmful substance an individual ingests, inhales, or absorbs through the skin. See dose-response curve, median lethal dose. Compare response.
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