Ap world history chapter 23 terms.
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| 49882861 | Industrial Revolution | Series of changes in Western nations between 1740 an 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and application of machines to the process of production | 0 | |
| 49882862 | Age of Revolution | Period of politcal upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 | 1 | |
| 49882863 | Population Revolution | Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent. | 2 | |
| 49882864 | Proto- industrialization | Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution | 3 | |
| 49882865 | American Revolution | Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America | 4 | |
| 49882866 | Louis XVI | (1754- 1793) Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution | 5 | |
| 49882867 | declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789). It stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens. It later became a political source for other liberal movements. | 6 | |
| 49882868 | Guillotine | Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror. | 7 | |
| 49882869 | Nationalism | Poltical viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often rallied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valured a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin | 8 | |
| 49882870 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general;led a coup that ended the French Revoltuion; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815 | 9 | |
| 49882871 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes. | 10 | |
| 49882872 | Conservatives | in the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans—mainly wealthy landowners and nobles—who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe. | 11 | |
| 49882873 | Radicals | In the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people | 12 | |
| 49882874 | Greek Revolution | Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. | 13 | |
| 49882875 | Reform Bill of 1832 | Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain. | 14 | |
| 49882876 | Chartist movement | Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed. | 15 | |
| 49882877 | Louis Pasteur | French Scientist who discovered the relationship between germs and disease in 19th century; leading to better sanitation | 16 | |
| 49882878 | Benjamin Disraeli | Leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics. | 17 | |
| 49882879 | Count Camillo di Cavour | Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king | 18 | |
| 49882880 | Otto von Bismarck | Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of Germanunificationunder Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes | 19 | |
| 49882881 | American Civil War | Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South. | 20 | |
| 49882882 | Transformismo | Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberrals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo | 21 | |
| 49882883 | Social Question | Issues relating to repressed classses in western Europe during the Industial Revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870 | 22 | |
| 49882884 | Socialism | Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man. | 23 | |
| 49882885 | Karl Marx | (1818- 1883) German soicalist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatoship | 24 | |
| 49882886 | Revisionism | Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions. | 25 | |
| 49882887 | Feminist Movements | Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960's | 26 | |
| 49882888 | Mass Leisure Culture | An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports. | 27 | |
| 49882889 | Charles Darwin | Bioligist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the abiltiy to adapt in a struggle for survival | 28 | |
| 49882890 | Albert Einstein | Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity | 29 | |
| 49882891 | Sigmund Freud | (1856 -1939) Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses | 30 | |
| 49882892 | Romanticism | Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. | 31 | |
| 49882893 | Triple Alliance | Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I | 32 | |
| 49882894 | Triple Entente | Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I | 33 | |
| 49882895 | Balkan Nationalism | Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I. | 34 |
