Demographic and environmental changes

1914 to Present

1. Demographic and environmental changes
   1. Migrations
      1. Forced migration due to Peace of Paris
         1. Turks moved back to Turkey from Southeastern Europe
         2. Greeks moved back to Greece from Ottoman Empire
      2. Latin America
         1. Massive Urbanization
         2. Immigration w/in and to US – legal and illegal
      3. Massive immigration
      4. Limited immigration at times
         1. US puts quotas on immigrants in 1920s
      5. Refugees displaced during WWII
         1. Nazis then communists push West
      6. Pull factors
         1. Economic opportunity
         2. Political repression
         3. Local violence – (often caused by Cold War policies)
      7. Breakup of empires
         1. Former colonial subjects migrated
      8. Guest workers to Europe from middle east – 15 million
      9. Collapse of communism led to massive migration from Eastern Europe
      10. Benefits
          1. Much-needed labor force
          2. Enriches diversity of nation
      11. Negatives
          1. Stirs up xenophobia – nativist movements
             1. Especially when economy is tight
      12. War years
          1. WWI - Death of 10 million Europeans – generation of men
             1. European women remain unmarried
             2. Lowered European birth rate
             3. Lowered population growth for future generations
             4. Bombings/troop movements destroyed cities, industry, agriculture
          2. WWII – killed another 35 million
             1. boundary changes – hundreds of thousands of refugees
      13. Postwar population changes
          1. Labor shortages – Western Europe seeks workers from outside
             1. “guest workers” came from W. Indies, N. Africa, Turkey, Pakistan
                1. Low wages, discrimination
                2. Labor not needed later
             2. US opens door to L. America/Asian immigrants
          2. Soviet Union – Muslim population growth threatened Russian culture
             1. Industrialization severely polluted half rivers, endangered farms
             2. Responsible for respiratory diseases and infant mortality
      14. Migration patterns
          1. 1980s – South Korea highest population density in the world
          2. Japan addressed increasing population w/ birth control/abortion
          3. Latin America – population explosion plus urbanization
             1. Newcomers live in shanty towns outside urban areas
             2. Sometimes settlements incorporated into city
             3. Migration huge seeking employment
             4. Migration to US to escape political oppression and warfare
          4. Divisions of countries
             1. Partition of Pakistan and India – hundreds of thousands displaced
             2. Arab-Israeli War – 1948 – hundreds of thousands Palestinians
             3. Africa and Balkans warfare/boundary changes = refugees
          5. Migration from South Asia/Arab to oil-producing nations
      15. Population growth
          1. Religious/cultural forbidding birth control
          2. Eradicate disease
          3. Improve sanitation
          4. Better diets
   2. Changes in birthrates
      1. Population Growth
         1. 1900 – 1.6 billion to 2000 – 6 billion
            1. Developed world – population growth tended to decline
            2. Developing world – population explosion
         2. However, overconsumption of food/energy/waste/pollution still comes from developed world
   3. Changes in death rates
   4. New forms of urbanization
      1. Latin America
         1. urbanized peasants fail to have access to industry
   5. Threats to the environment
      1. Deforestation
         1. Issue between developed and developing nations
            1. Developing say they need resources to spur economy
            2. Environmentalists want to save for all people – Amazon
         2. But…hypocritical because global warming/acid rain from developed nation
      2. Global warming
      3. Acid rain
      4. Warfare
         1. US chemical warfare in South Vietnam
         2. Saddam Hussein – spilled oil into Persian Gulf, oil fields on fire
   6. Green/environmental movements
      1. Social activism and the rise of nongovernmental organizations – NGOs
         1. Demonstrations, protests, strikes
         2. Social movements, student groups lobbied and protested
         3. Most famous – 1960s
            1. Protested Vietnam War, Civil Rights in the US
            2. Temporary reform in Czechoslovakia
            3. Loosening PRI’s control of Mexico
         4. Key role in peace movements, anti-nuclear arms movements
         5. Women’s liberation, environmental
      2. Environmentalism/conservatism always around
         1. Post-World War II gained prominence
            1. Pollution and industrialization threat to ecological well-being
            2. Literature – Silent Spring – 1962 – dangers of pesticides – DDT
         2. Earth Day popularized movement
         3. NGOs – Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund – famous/influential
         4. “Green Parties” – have more political power in Europe
      3. Green Revolution
         1. Increased crop yields – high-yield, disease resistant crops
            1. Also fertilizers, pesticides, efficient irrigation
         2. Controversy – use of pesticides/fertilizer that cause cancer
            1. Only available to wealthy landowners
         3. Reactions to environmental/population issues
            1. Egypt – Presiden Nasser – Aswan Dam
               1. More farmland, but – blindness, salt in soil, lose Nile silt
            2. China – policies to limit family size
               1. One child per family
               2. But infanticide, abortion, sterilization
               3. Family members hide children in rulral areas
            3. Identified chemicals that cause ozone depletion
               1. Anti-pollution devices in cars, planes, industrial smokestacks
   7. Terrorism
      1. Since WWI – Gabrio Princip – political desires sought through terrorism
         1. Palestinian Liberation Organization
         2. Irish Republican Army
         3. Red Brigades
         4. anti-Israelis – Hamas and Hezbollah
      2. Osama bin Laden takes it to an all new level