- "Globalization" in the late twentieth century
- Conceptions of
- Emerging controversy over
- Post–Cold War world
- Crisis of communism and end of Cold War
- China
- Popular democracy movement
- Suppression of protest
- Eastern Europe
- Popular protest
- Soviet nonintervention
- Collapse of Communist regimes ("Velvet Revolution")
- Germany: removal of Berlin Wall; reunification
- Elsewhere
- Soviet Union
- Economic chaos
- National and ethnic tensions
- Attempted coup
- Dissolution
- Implications of Cold War's end
- Global prevalence of capitalism, "free market" model
- Prospects for spread of democracy
- Emergence of United States as uncontested superpower
- China
- President George Bush and the New World Order
- Uncertain meaning of New World Order
- Invasion of Panama
- Purposes
- Outcome
- Controversy over
- Gulf War
- Background: invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein
- Buildup to war
- Dispatch of U.S. troops to Gulf region
- Debate over prospective war with Iraq
- Forging by Bush of multinational coalition
- Securing of United Nations authorization
- The war: Operation Desert Storm
- Prompt U.S. victory; ouster of Iraq from Kuwait
- Minimum of American casualties
- High death toll for Iraqis
- Aftermath
- UN sanctions on Iraq
- Survival of Hussein regime
- Resentment in region over U.S. presence
- Surge in Bush's popularity
- Competing post–Cold War doctrines
- General Colin Powell's vision
- Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney's vision
- Election of 1992
- Growing disenchantment with Bush, Republicans
- Economic recession
- Remoteness of Bush on domestic issues
- Pat Buchanan's "cultural war"
- Democratic challenger: Bill Clinton
- Popular appeal; empathy for economic anxieties
- Blend of liberal and conservative approaches
- Independent challenger: H. Ross Perot
- Clinton victory
- Growing disenchantment with Bush, Republicans
- Clinton domestic policy, first two years
- Departures from Reagan-Bush approach
- Cabinet and judicial appointments
- Tax policies
- Spending plan for infrastructure and job training
- Continuities from Reagan-Bush approach
- Free trade doctrine
- North American Free Trade Agreement
- Health care reform initiative
- Background
- Rising cost of health care
- Growing number of uninsured
- Limited coverage by Health Maintenance Organizations
- Clinton plan
- Role of Hillary Rodham Clinton
- Provisions
- Resistance to plan
- Sources
- Themes
- Outcome
- Defeat of plan
- Subsequent growth in ranks of uninsured
- Background
- Departures from Reagan-Bush approach
- Republican sweep of 1994
- Background: public disenchantment with Clinton
- Republican challenge
- Leadership of Newt Gingrich
- Proposed "Contract With America"
- Shrinking of government
- Reduction in taxes
- Deregulation
- Overhaul of welfare
- Elimination of affirmative action
- Scope of electoral triumph
- Gingrich Republicans in power
- Implementation of "Contract With America"
- Standoff with Clinton; government shutdown
- Recoiling of public from Gingrich, "Contract With America"
- Clinton's move toward center: "triangulation"
- Strategy
- Repudiation of "big government"
- Co-optation of moderate Republican themes
- Rejection of extreme Republican themes
- Initiatives
- Telecommunications Act
- Abolition of federal welfare system
- Outcome
- Neutralization of Republican challenge
- Reelection victory over Bob Dole
- Affirmation of mainstream Republican premises
- Strategy
- Clinton and world affairs
- Agenda
- Resolve ongoing global conflicts
- Restore emphasis on human rights
- Mixed record
- Fruitful efforts in Northern Ireland, Haiti
- Fruitless efforts in Middle East
- Lack of effort in China, Rwanda
- Balkan crisis
- Background
- Disintegration of Yugoslavia
- Outbreaks of ethnic conflict, "ethnic cleansing"
- U.S./NATO/UN response
- Air strikes
- Peacekeeping
- Kosovo war
- Background
- Role of human rights in global affairs
- Growth of
- Principle of intervention in internal affairs
- International institutions
- Expanding scope of human rights issues
- Uncertainty of
- Growth of
- Agenda
- Clinton-era boom
- Indicators
- Low rates of unemployment, inflation
- Federal budget: from deficits to surplus
- Computer revolution
- Key features
- Microchip
- Variety of computer products
- Internet
- Areas of impact
- Private use
- Workplace
- Global reach of American culture
- Varied perspectives on Internet
- Celebration of democratic promise
- Concern over inequalities of access
- Key features
- Indicators
- Undersides of the booming Nineties
- Economic difficulties in other lands
- Advanced countries
- Western Europe
- Japan
- Russia
- Third World countries
- Trade deficits, foreign debts
- Imposition of stringent spending cuts
- Advanced countries
- Stock market bubble
- Frenzied, Twenties-style boom
- "Dot.coms"
- Nasdaq
- Bust
- Timing and scale
- Impact
- Frenzied, Twenties-style boom
- Corporate greed and fraud ("Enron syndrome")
- After the turn of the century, surfacing of
- Torrent of revelations
- Scope of misdeeds
- Corporate crime and punishment
- Deregulation as contributing factor
- After the turn of the century, surfacing of
- Rising inequality
- General economic improvement for Americans
- Widening gap between richest and poorest Americans
- Sources of working-class hardship
- Export of manufacturing jobs abroad
- Shift from high-paying to low-paying jobs
- Urban and rural dimensions of poverty
- The new American suburbs
- As self-contained economies
- Increasing heterogeneity of
- Persisting class divisions within
- Economic difficulties in other lands
- Crisis of communism and end of Cold War
- Culture Wars
- Post–Cold War renewal of ethnic and religious divisions
- Around world
- In America
- New patterns of immigration
- Shift in geographic origins
- Record numbers
- Emergence of new ethnic communities
- Diversification of American heartland
- Range of occupations, social backgrounds
- Predominance of women
- New diversity
- Latinos
- Emergence as largest immigrant group
- Variety of national origins
- Growing impact on American life
- Compression in low-wage sector
- Asian-Americans
- Growing presence
- Variety of national origins
- Socioeconomic status
- Overall progress
- Polarization between prosperous and poor
- Outdatedness of two-race ("black-white") dichotomy
- Rise of multiracial culture
- Prospect of growing diversity in new century
- Latinos
- African-Americans in the 1990s
- Progress
- Unprecedented strides
- Occupational
- Educational
- Sources of
- Decline in overt discrimination
- Affirmative action
- Economic boom
- Unprecedented strides
- Growing presence of African immigrants in black America
- Problems
- Continuing socioeconomic lag
- Employment
- Income
- Incidence of poverty
- Quality of schooling
- Other measures
- Persistence of segregation
- Housing
- School
- Trend of judicial rulings
- On relief from racial discrimination
- On affirmative action
- On school desegregation
- Prominence in expanding prison population
- Rise of "prison-industrial complex"
- Consequences for black America
- Blacks and death penalty
- Continuing socioeconomic lag
- Progress
- Los Angeles uprising
- Causes
- Rodney King episode
- Accumulating grievances of urban minorities
- Magnitude
- Causes
- Continuing rights revolution
- Emerging movement for rights of disabled; Americans With Disabilities Act
- Gay movement
- Rising focus on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Increasing presence in politics
- Growing public acceptance
- American Indian movement
- Growth in Indian population, cultural pride
- Pursuit of restitution for past injustices
- Quasi-sovereign legal status of some tribes
- Prosperous Indian casinos
- Cultural conservatism
- Key grievances
- "Identity politics," multiculturalism
- Influx of nonwhite immigrants
- Decline of "family values"
- Key manifestations
- Passage of California propositions
- Denial of public services to illegal immigrants
- Bars on bilingual education, affirmative action
- Denial of food stamps to noncitizens
- Publication of nativist works
- Creationist campaigns
- Assault on National Endowment for the Arts
- Defense of Marriage Act
- Other crusades
- Passage of California propositions
- Key voices
- Pat Robertson, Christian Coalition
- Pat Buchanan
- Key grievances
- "Family values" in retreat
- Decline of "traditional" family
- Supreme Court affirmation of abortion rights: Casey v. Planned Parenthood of Pennsylvania
- Persistence of sexual revolution, feminism
- Right-wing extremism
- Armed groups: Aryan Nation, Posse Comitatus, others
- Racist, anti-Semitic, antigovernment outlook
- Oklahoma City bombing
- Bloodshed
- Conviction, execution of Timothy McVeigh
- Impact on national consciousness
- Post–Cold War renewal of ethnic and religious divisions
- Impeachment and election of 2000
- Impeachment of Clinton
- Background
- Republican animosity toward Clinton
- Clinton's reckless behavior
- Allegations and investigations
- Whitewater
- Paula Jones
- Monica Lewinsky
- Kenneth Starr report
- House of Representatives impeachment vote
- Trial and acquittal in Senate
- Public aversion to Starr investigation, impeachment
- Background
- Election of 2000
- Competing tickets
- Al Gore and Joseph Lieberman (Democrat)
- George W. Bush and Dick Cheney (Republican)
- Contested vote
- Popular majority for Gore
- Florida controversy
- Pivotal role in electoral outcome
- Disputed results
- State Supreme Court recount order
- U.S. Supreme Court's Bush v. Gore ruling
- Consequence: Bush victory
- Court's reasoning
- Noteworthy aspects
- Evenness of partisan division
- Lines of partisan division
- Geographical
- Urban/ rural
- Racial
- Gender
- Troubling features
- Clash between popular and electoral outcomes
- Failings of voting technology
- Dominant role of big money contributors
- Low turnout
- Neglect of major issues
- Competing tickets
- Impeachment of Clinton
- Freedom and the new century
- Balance sheet of human progress and tragedy in twentieth century
- Around world
- In America
- "Freedom" at close of century
- Importance to Americans
- Distinctive meanings for Americans
- Ambiguous meanings for Americans
- Balance sheet of human progress and tragedy in twentieth century