- An era of intervention
- Theodore Roosevelt and Roosevelt Corollary
- Panama
- U.S.-backed separation of Panama from Colombia
- U.S. acquisition of Panama Canal Zone
- Construction of Panama Canal
- Dominican Republic
- Cuba
- Panama
- William Howard Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
- Nicaragua
- Honduras
- Dominican Republic
- Woodrow Wilson and "moral imperialism"
- Haiti
- Dominican Republic
- Mexico
- Mexican Revolution under leadership of Francisco Madero
- Assassination of Madero and outbreak of Civil War
- Wilson dispatch of troops, skirmishes with Pancho Villa
- Theodore Roosevelt and Roosevelt Corollary
- America and the Great War
- Outbreak of European war
- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, Japan) versus Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)
- Protracted, bloody stalemate
- Implications of European war
- Undermining of faith in human progress and reason
- Indication of power of nationalism in modern world
- American response
- Mixed sentiments
- Sympathy for Allied Powers
- British roots
- Association of Britain with democracy, Germany with tyranny
- Opposition to Allied Powers, and/or U.S. involvement
- German, Irish, Russian (anti-czarist) roots
- Antiwar feminists, pacifists, social reformers
- Sympathy for Allied Powers
- The road to American involvement
- Initial declaration of neutrality
- British and German blockades
- American business ties to Britain
- Sinking of Lusitania
- "Preparedness" policy
- German suspension of submarine warfare against neutrals
- Reelection of Wilson; "He Kept Us Out of War"
- German resumption of open submarine warfare
- Zimmerman Note
- First Russian Revolution (Menshevik); overthrow of czar
- American declaration of war against Germany
- Mixed sentiments
- From American entry to Armistice
- Second Russian Revolution (Bolshevik)
- Vladimir Lenin's break with Allies
- Withdrawal of Russia from war
- Wilson's Fourteen Points
- Defeat of German advance; Allied counteroffensive
- German surrender
- Second Russian Revolution (Bolshevik)
- Outbreak of European war
- The war at home
- Perceived prospects for fulfillment of Progressive vision
- Economic rationalization
- Spirit of national unity and purpose
- Social justice
- Expansion of federal powers
- Military conscription
- Economic intervention
- Areas
- War production (War Industries Board)
- National transportation (Railroad Administration)
- Coal and oil (Fuel Administration)
- Farming and food preparation (Food Administration)
- Labor relations (National War Labor Board)
- Varied degrees of intervention
- Coordination of overall war production (WIB)
- Control of some sectors (railroads)
- Regulation of some sectors (coal, oil, labor relations)
- Partnership between business and government
- Guaranteed profit
- Suspension of antitrust
- Labor-management-government cooperation
- Uninterrupted production
- Federal mediation
- Labor's right to organize
- Improved wages and working conditions
- Areas
- Raising of revenue
- Corporate and income tax increases
- Liberty bonds
- Propaganda war
- Widespread opposition to American entry
- Industrial Workers of the World
- Socialist party
- Committee on Public Information; George Creel
- Modes of propaganda
- Pamphlets
- Posters
- Advertisements
- Motion pictures
- Four-Minute speeches
- Themes
- Social cooperation
- Expanded democracy and freedom
- Demonization of Germans
- Modes of propaganda
- Widespread opposition to American entry
- Revitalization of Progressive causes
- Women's suffrage
- Optimism that wartime patriotism will gain women the vote
- Insistence that women should enjoy "democracy" at home
- National Women's party
- Alice Paul
- Support from Wilson
- Postwar ratification of Nineteenth Amendment
- Prohibition
- Sources of support
- Employers
- Urban reformers
- Women
- Anti-immigrant Protestants
- Anti-Germans
- Progress
- Passage of state laws
- Postwar ratification of Eighteenth Amendment
- Sources of support
- Women's suffrage
- Repression of dissent
- Instruments
- Federal government
- Espionage Act
- Sedition Act
- State governments
- Vigilante organizations
- Federal government
- Themes
- Definition of "patriotism" as support for government, war, economic status quo
- Definition of "un-Americanism" as labor radicalism, opposition to war
- Means
- Criminalization of dissent; conviction of Eugene V. Debs
- Investigations of suspected dissidents
- Mass arrests
- Public harassment and intimidation
- Suppression of labor protest
- Terror
- Minimal reaction from Progressives
- Instruments
- The "race problem"
- Progressive-era conceptualization
- Ethnic groups as "races"
- Inbred "racial" characteristics
- Racial diversity as threat to American civilization
- Progressive solutions
- Mainstream
- "Americanization"
- Eugenics
- Insistence by some on respect for other cultures
- Mainstream
- Wartime Americanization
- Government-sponsored
- Pressure on immigrants to demonstrate patriotism
- Suppression of German-American culture
- Heightened interest in immigration restriction, eugenics
- Progressive-era conceptualization
- Ambiguous status of groups neither black nor white
- Mexicans in Southwest
- Puerto Ricans
- Asian-Americans
- Status and response of African-Americans
- Progressive era
- Barriers to political rights, employment opportunity, consumer economy
- Progressives' indifference or aversion to black freedom
- Activists
- Intellectuals
- Presidents
- W. E. B. Du Bois and revival of black protest
- Du Bois background
- The Souls of Black Folk
- Challenge to Booker T. Washington accommodationism
- "Talented tenth"
- Niagara movement
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
- World War I era
- Optimism that wartime patriotism would gain blacks equal rights
- "Close ranks"
- Minimal gains
- Great migration
- Scale and direction
- Motivations and aspirations
- Disappointing realities
- Anti-black violence, North and South
- New spirit of militancy
- Silent Protest Parade
- Garveyism
- Optimism that wartime patriotism would gain blacks equal rights
- Progressive era
- Perceived prospects for fulfillment of Progressive vision
- 1919
- Upheaval around world
- Inspirations and manifestations
- Russian Revolution
- Spread of communist-led governments
- General strikes
- Peasant movements
- Anti-colonial campaigns
- Underlying aspirations
- Socialism
- "Industrial democracy"
- National self-determination
- Counter-mobilization
- Allied intervention in Soviet Union
- Limits of Wilson's internationalism
- Receding of postwar radicalism around world
- Inspirations and manifestations
- Labor upheaval in America
- Breadth and magnitude
- Spirit and themes
- Appropriation of wartime rhetoric of freedom and democracy
- Social and ideological diversity
- Leading instances
- Seattle general strike
- Boston police strike
- Coal strike
- Steel strike
- Anti-union mobilization
- Employers
- Government
- Private organizations
- Defeats of postwar strikes
- Red Scare
- Methods
- Federal raids on offices of labor and radical organizations; Palmer Raids
- Arrests
- Deportations
- Secret files
- Outcomes
- Devastation of labor and radical organizations
- Broad outrage over abuse of civil liberties
- Methods
- Upheaval around world
- Forging of postwar international order
- Wilson's performance abroad
- Rapturous reception in Paris
- Hardheaded diplomacy at Versailles
- Treaty of Versailles
- Wilsonian elements
- League of Nations
- New sovereign nations in Europe
- Harsher elements
- French occupation of Saar basin and Rhineland
- Restrictions on German military
- Crippling reparations for Germany
- Limits of national sovereignty
- Denial of independence for French and British colonies
- League of Nations "mandates" for former Ottoman lands
- Reallotment of former German colonies
- Wilsonian elements
- Seeds of instability for twentieth-century world
- Wilsonian internationalism in postwar America
- Short-term setbacks
- League of Nations debate
- Wilson's stroke, incapacity
- Senate rejection of Versailles treaty
- Eclipse of Progressivism; "return to normalcy"
- Long-term legacy for American foreign policy
- Blend of idealism and power politics
- Appeals to democracy, open markets, global mission
- Impulse for military intervention abroad
- Short-term setbacks
- Wilson's performance abroad