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Digestion Regulation

regulation of digestive tract - controlled by nervous/endocrine systems 

  • nervous system stimulates salivary/gastric secretions in response to food
  • food in stomach >> gastrin secreted >> pepsinogen, HCl secreted (cycle controlled by negative feedback)
  • chymes goes into duodenum >> inhibits stomach contractions >> no additional chyme enters small intestine
  • enterogastrones - duodenal hormones in blood that controls stomach, gastric inhibition
  • liver regulatory functions - can modify absorbed substances from digestive tract before they get to other part of body
    • removes toxins, poisons from body
    • produces most of proteins in blood plasma
    • edema - when concentration of plasma proteins drops too low
  • regulation of blood glucose concentration - neurons get energy from glucose in blood plasma
    • insulin - stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen
    • blood glucose level decrease >> liver secretes glycogen, gets broken down by glucagon through glycogenolysis to make glucose
    • gluconeogenesis - makes glucose from other molecules

energy expenditure - eat food >> provides energy source, raw materials 

  • basal metabolic rate (BMR) - minimum rate of energy use
  • obesity - having so much fat that it’s unhealthy
  • regulation of food intake - adipose tissue secretes satiety factor to decrease appetite
    • obesity due to lack of sensitivity to protein created by satiety factor?
  • anorexia nervosa - people starve themselves
  • bulimia - people gorge themselves, then vomit everything
  • essential nutrients - cannot be made by animal, but necessary for health
    • vitamins - organic substances needed in humans (humans can not longer made vitamin C)
    • not enough vitamin C >> scurvy
    • 9 essential amino acids for humans
    • essential minerals - calcium, phosphorus, inorganic substances
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