representative plants - split into 3 groups
- non-vascular plants - liverworts, mosses, hornworts
- vascular, non-seed plants - ferns, fern allies
- vascular, seed plants - gymnosperms, angiosperms
non-vascular plants - lack vascular tissue, true roots, stems, leaves
- rhizoids - root-like structures that anchor the plant
- antheridia - produces swimming sperm
- archegonia - produces eggs
- gametophyte = dominant generation
- produces gametes through mitosis
- sporophyte = dependent generation
- produces spores through meiosis
phylum Hepaticophyta - liverworts
- earliest known land plants
- gametophyte
- thallus - leaf-like structure, flattened and bilaterally symmetrical
- asexual reproduction through fragmentation or gemmae production
- sexual reproduction within the archegonia
- sporophyte not capable of photosynthesis
- must stay attached to the gametophyte
phylum Bryophyta - mosses
- gametophyte - radially symmetrical thallus
- less water-dependent than liverwort
- only 1-cell thick in most parts
- asexual reproduction through fragmentation only
- sexual reproduction similar to that of liverworts
- sporophyte - capsule extending on top of the moss
- more prominent than in liverwort
anthocerophyta - hornworts
- archegonia imbedded in the thallus
- sporophyte - horn-shaped structure protruding from thallus
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