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Interdependence Vocabulary List |
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acid rain : Rain that contains pollutants due to the burning of fossil fuels. It is damaging to the environment.
Age of Exploration : Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.
arable : Land that is able to support the growing of crops.
artisan : A person who is skilled at a craft, such as weaving, or woodcarving.
Byzantine Empire : (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) : A gas containing carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. It is used in refrigerators and aerosol sprays. CFCs are reputed to be damaging to the Earth’s protective ozone layer.
city-state : An independent state consisting of a city and its surrounding lands.
civil service exam : In China, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the bureaucracy.
civilization : A society that has a high level of culture and social organization including organized government, job specialization, and a organized belief system.
Confucianism : Confucius lived in China during the Chou Dynasty, when there was mass disorder and confusion and degrading moral standards. Confucius was appalled by what appeared to be the fracturing of Chinese society. He believed that the only cure was to stress a sense of social order and mutual respect, a philosophy that later became known as Confucianism. Confucianism teaches that there is a natural social order to society which can best be explained through the Five Relationships.
corporation : A company with business dealings in many different areas.
Crusades : European Christian military expeditions made between the 11th and 13th centuries to retake the Middle Eastern Holy Lands occupied by the Muslims.
cultural diffusion : The spreading of ideas through contact such as trade or war.
culture : The shared beliefs, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular nation or people
deforestation : The widespread destruction of the world's forests. One of the largest areas of destruction are the tropical rainforests. These forest are cut down for the hardwood lumber, to clear space for farming, for building settlements, and for grazing animals. land bridge
desertification : The process in which land slowly dries out until little or no vegetation exists becoming a desert.
developing nations : Nations that are economically and technologically less developed than industrialized nations.
Diocletian : (245-313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire.
dynasty : A succession of rulers of a country from the same family.
empire : 1. A collection of nations or peoples ruled by a single authority, usually a monarch, but can be other systems of government as well. 2. A very large and powerful industrial organization
environment : Everything in nature including people, plants, and animals that affects development in life.
European Community/European Union : Economic union between countries in Europe for mutual gain. Originally formed in 1951 as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), it later became the European Community in 1967, then the European Union in 1991.
Global North : Economic and political designation given to industrialized countries such those in North America and Western Europe, and also including Japan, and Australia. These nations have high standards of living and a high literacy rate.
Global South : Economic and Political designation given to developing nations in Asia, Africa, and South America, many of which were former colonies during European Imperialism. These post colonial nations face low literacy rates, massive unemployment, little to no industrialization, and are generally economically dependent on their former colonial masters.
golden age : A time in a culture of high achievement in arts, literature, and science. Generally occurs in times of peace.
Greco-Roman : The cultural mixing of both ancient Greek and Roman traditions.
industrialization : The change to industrial methods of production such as the use of factories.
inflation : The raising of prices on consumer goods due to an increase in the money supply.
interdependence : Mutual assistance or reliance between two or more parties.
International Monetary Fund : An international organization established to promote monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and economic growth. The IMF also works to lower unemployment and help countries in debt manage their finances.
Islam : The word Islam, which when translated from Arabic, means "to submit to the will of Allah," is the youngest of the world's major religions. Worshippers of this monotheistic religion are known as Muslims, which means "one who submits to the will of Allah." The Islamic holy book is called the Qur’an. Islam is currently the second most practiced religion in the world, and experts predict that it will overtake Christianity as the most popular religion in the world sometime during the 21st century.
Korean Bridge : The term given to process in which cultural diffusion occurred between China and Japan though Korean contact with both civilizations.
Marco Polo : (1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.
Middle Ages : Time period in European history between the fall of Rome in 476 C.E. and the beginning of the Italian Renaissance in the early 15th century.
middle class : Social and economic class usually composed of merchants, artisans, and business people. In some societies, the richest class, but without a title of nobility. The middle class is usually the backbone of society as they are generally more moderate in their economic, social, and political habits.
modernization : To change something to make it conform to modern standards
NAFTA : North American Free Trade Agreement, an economic treaty between Canada, the United States, and Mexico to lower tariffs and create a free trade environment. NAFTA was ratified by its member nations in 1994.
Ottoman Empire : Hereditary nation state centered in Turkey. It was founded in the late 13th century after the collapse of the Byzantine Empire and extended across most of Asia Minor and the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire collapsed shortly after World War II.
ozone layer : The layer of the upper atmosphere where ozone collects. This layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
Pope : Leader of the Roman Catholic Church. Chosen by the College of Cardinals.
Pope Urban II : (1040?-1099) The head of the Roman Catholic Church who issued the proclamation the began the First Crusade.
Roman Catholic : A branch of Christianity based in Rome. The original Christian church.
Roman Empire : The territories ruled by ancient Rome which at one time encompassed most of the Mediterranean world and parts of France, England, and Germany. The empire lasted from 27 BCE to 395 CE.
Silk Road : Trade route from China to the Middle East. Called the Silk Road due to China’s most important export.
trade : The exchange of goods or service between people.
trade fair : A gathering of merchants, craftsmen, and artisans to buy and sell goods and service during late Middle Ages.
Venice and Florence : Italians City-States which were the center of the rebirth of European trade and culture at the end of the Middle Ages.
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