- North and South blamed each other for the breakup of the Union
- Davis and Lincoln prayed for peace in their inaugural addresses but positioned for war
- Ft. Sumter was claimed by both North and South; was low on supplies
- Lincoln sent a food-only relief force but no military aid to the fort
- Davis sent Gen. Beauregard to demand a surrender or otherwise attack
- Confederates won
- South had no problem getting recruits, spoke passionately about resisting tyranny, etc
- North originally turned away many would-be recruits, including blacks
- 1st secession took 7 Deep South states out of the Union (Dec. 20, 1860)
- 1861 - VA, MD, TN, NC join the South
- Richmond and Washington (capitals) less than 100 mi apart
- Maryland was divided as to which side to support
- Riots, etc between the factions
- Lincoln declared martial law in Baltimore and stationed Union troops
- Lincoln justified unconstitutional acts as necessary for National security
- Battle of Bull Run @ Manassas Creek, VA
- 35,000 Union soldiers - confident of victory
- 25,000 Confederate soldiers led by Gen. Beauregard (from Ft. Sumter)
- 2,300 reinforcements arrived for confederates - won battle
- Civil War claimed more lives than WWI + WWII - 620,000 - 1/4 soldiers died
- North - 2.5 x South’s population (22 mil : 9 mil - includes 3.5 mil slaves)
- 9x industrial capacity
- 97% of America’s firearms, 71% of railways, 94% of cloth and 90% of footwear
- This proved decisive - final numbers = 2 mil soldiers (N) : 800,000 (S)
- South - was a defensive war, Southeners were fighting for their homes
- North had to invade South and then defeat guerilla opposition
- Better military leadership - eg. Robert E. Lee
- Lincoln offered Lee command of the Union army but was declined
- COTTON!
Lincoln’s Presidency
- Lincoln appointed other Republicans to his cabinet due to lack of national contacts
- Not easy because the Republicans were still made up of various factions
- Broke precedent when he called up militias, ordered naval blockades and expanded the military budget without Congressional support
- Took a moderate approach because he eventually wanted reconciliation with the South
- War Dept needed to feed, clothe, and arm 700,000 Union soldiers
- Complexity of this task linked battlefront with home front on a huge scale
- Lincoln believed Congress, not the President, should direct economic policy
- Turned to bankers, merchants etc for aid in financing the war
- In the end the US had borrowed $2.6 billion for the war effort
- 1st example of mass financing of a war
- Legal Tender Act - Feb 1862 - created paper money, or the “greenback”
- Morrill Tariff Act (1861) - along with other acts, raised tariffs by more than 2x previous
- Civil War resulted in the accumulation of strength by the Fed. Govt
- Britain and France would not recognise the South as a legitimate nation
- Britain disapproved of slavery, found other sources of cotton (Egypt, India, etc)
- Sec. of State William Steward had to make sure no one recognised the South
- Jefferson Davis needed to create a unified nation from the 11 loosely grouped states
- Appeal to each state’s equality - appointed reps from each state to cabinet, etc
- South withheld cotton from the market, British and French responded indignantly
- Once the Union naval blockade took effect, cotton was not so powerful after all
- South could not finance the war - printed too much money and had runaway inflation
- Many people purchased substitutes to serve in the war for them
- Many southerners were against tyranny, but more loyal to state than the confederation
- Anaconda Plan - Hoped to squeeze the South by blockading the Mississippi and the sea
- Hoped South would accept defeat and surrender
- Lincoln liked the basics of the plan
- Public wanting a fight led to disaster at Bull Run
- Peninsular Campaign - 120,000 troops hoped to intimidate Richmond into surrender
- Seven Days Battles - Gen. Lee’s counterattack to the Peninsular campaign
- 2nd Bull Run @ Manassas (Aug 1862) - Lee routed Union army led by Gen. John Pope
- Maryland was stalemated - Union victory at Antietam (Sept 1862)
- Confederate victory at Fredericksburg (Dec 1862)
- Each side too strong to lose, not strong enough to win
- Ulysses S. Grant established Union control of much of the west
- Shiloh (April 1862) - Although outnumbered, Grant forced a Confederate surrender
- Huge losses on both sides
- Davis was more concerned about Richmond’s defense; did not reinforce against Grant
- Led to Confederate losses at Memphis and eventually Vicksburg
- Far West was secured by the Union despite Confederate resistance
- Hostilities in the west between natives and paranoid whites showed that everyone was affected by the Civil War
-Naval blockade was intended to cut off trade between the South and the rest of the world
- Initially unsuccessful, Southern blockade runners evaded Union ships with ease
- As the war went on more and more ships were stopped
- Merrimac (renamed Virginia) vs Monitor - duel between ironclads - no clear winner
- Slaves began to seek refuge behind Union lines
- Effectively robbed the South of its workforce
- By the end of the war, more than 1 million blacks had deserted to the Union
- Lincoln originally did not want to address the issue of slavery
- Eventually decided to issue an Emancipation Proclamation
- After Antietam he declared that unless the rebel states returned, their slaves were free
- Jan 1, 1863 - Lincoln freed all the rebel slaves, but kept it in the North
- These changes were already in action in the south
- 13th Amendment - Outlawed slavery throughout the United States
- As part of the Proclamation, Lincoln gave his support to black recruitment for the war
- All-black regiments were often led by whites
- Black performance in battle helped change the general perceptions about them
- Led to the abolishment of much of the segregation existing
- Southerners hated and feared black soldiers and treated them very poorly
- New equipment (Springfield & Enfield rifles) was more accurate and had longer range
- Generals were slow to adjust, rather, they relied on huge masses of soldiers
- Disease killed many of the soldiers
- Both North and South were unprepared to handle the enormous need
- Many women became nurses in the Union army
- Although the South never had an organisation like the Sanitary Commission, women still helped with the war effort
- Most volunteer nurses were still men
- Unauthorized absense was a problem - cut Confederate army by 1/3 or 1/2 at Antietam
- During the war some factions wanted peace - eg. Copperheads, Peace Democrats
- Lincoln subjected the leaders to martial law and exiled one leader
- While some Northern industries suffered (textiles, shoes) others boomed during the war (ship building, bootmaking, woolen goods)
- During the war the North suffered an inflation rate of almost 80% - 3x normal
- Much social tension caused by conscription
- Very common to purchase substitutes
- “A rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”
- Civil War made urban problems worse and increased the contrast between rich and poor
- Due to blockades and a poor transportation system, food prices in the South rose 9000%
- Riots broke out and much conflict ensued between the rich and the poor
- Even Davis’ vice-president Alexander Stephens wanted and suggested peace
- Chancellorsville ( May 1863) - Lee daringly divides his forces and catchs Union by suprise, a victory that moves him to begin an offensive at Gettysburg
- Gettysburg (July 1863) - Confederates are slaughtered but not pursued, Lincoln angry
- Vicksburg (Independance Day 1863) - Tightens North’s grip on the South, dissuaded Britain and France from getting involved, and checked the Northern peace movement
- Grant appointed general in chief of all Union forces
- He and Sherman wanted to inflict as much damage as possible on Southern life
- Sherman wanted to make the Southerners sick of war and demoralized
- In the Election of 1864, Northern candidates included Lincoln, Salmon P. Chase and George McClellan
- After Sherman captured Atlanta Lincoln’s popularity soared
- Grant’s strategy was to pound the South into submission
- By Spring 1865, public support for the war in the South was non-existent
- Lee surrendered to Grant at Appotamattox Court House
- April 14, 1865 - Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth at the Ford Theater in Washington
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