The Growth of American Communities From Coast to Coast
In 1800 most people lived on the East Coast, however in 50 years Americans would reach the Pacific
Roads were bad= slow travel
Russian American: Sitka
Russians destroy Aleutian society
Intermarriage-like HBC and FNP
Established Sitka as center of operations
Went as far south as California
Northern New Spain
Spain wanted the Pacific North but failed, Russians, Americans and British were in the area
Spain constructed missions in California to establish its presence
Claimed the Columbia River
The French Legacy, New Orleans and St. Louis
New Orleans was the key to Louisiana
Under French civil law blacks got equal legal status as whites
Most of the trade was American
American's were allowed into New Orleans as a result of Pinckney's Treaty but Americans were uncomfortable that a foreign power could control the trade
St. Louis was a small trading post 600 miles north
Trans-Appalachia: Cincinnati
West of the Appalachian Mountains experienced the greatest growth
Kentucky and Tennessee were the first Trans-Appalachian states
Many families migrated every year, moving farther west
Once FNP were defeated Cincinnati boomed
Atlantic Ports: From Charleston to Boston
Atlantic Ports dominated the country economically
Charleston was the center for cotton, rice indigo
Baltimore was the major port for tobacco
Philadelphia was the cultural, intellectual capital
New York was the only city to accept the British auction system
Offered goods in large lots at wholesale prices=no middleman
Most British trade passed through New York
Boston was the shipbuilding center
A National Economy
USA was a producer of raw materials
At the mercy for of world prices
The Economy of the Young Republic
94% of Americans lived in rural communities=agricultural economy
Mostly self-sufficient farmers in the West
North some commercial farming
South was wholly commercial
However prices for slaves went up while demand for tobacco, rice and indigo were steady
Cotton was in demand but it was inefficient needing lots of labor
This changed with the cotton gin
Britain was the USA largest trading partner but as an independent nation did not benefit from British mercantilist policy.
Both Britain and France taxed American vessels discriminatorily
Shipping and Economic Boom
French Revolution-European ships are converted into fighting ships=American boom
Neutrality led to re-exporting goods
Rapid growth in port cities=rapid growth in farms
Europeans were to busy to trade= Americans move into China and create a Pacific Trade Triangle
Rich trade led to creation of banks, insurance and other industries
The Jefferson Presidency
Jefferson renounced the "rags of royalty"- no speech to congress, walked to his inauguration
Led to the change of power from one party to the another peacefully
Republican Agrarianism
Factory system horrified Jefferson= opposed industrialization vs. Hamilton who encouraged it
Thought that the factory system would create the same extremes in wealth in American that was seen in Europe
Jefferson wanted small family farms- an agrarian public
Malthusian growth theory according to Jefferson was only applicable in Europe as the USA had plenty of room to grow
Jefferson's vision depended on constant expansion
Jefferson's Government
Proposed simplicity over Federalist complexity
Cut navy and army and government staff
Proposed that the federal government only stop men from injuring one another and stay out of their lives
Washington DC was uncompleted during Jefferson's years
An Independent Judiciary
Jefferson did not purge Federalist officials= led moderates to switch over
Did however purge the "midnight judges" as the new congress was Democratic Republican= got rid of the job
Adams before leaving appointed 16 new judgeships and six new circuit courts.
Democratic Republicans thought this was a ploy to extend Federal control over the people
One justice Marbury sued Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison over his lost position
The question was: Could the Judiciary be independent?
The ruling stated that the judiciary had the right to stay independent but the executive could not appoint someone to a position that did not exist
The Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon regained Louisiana from Spain and had the option of fighting the British in North America
Upon hearing the news the Spanish commander closed New Orleans to Americans= trade disrupted
Federalists demanded military action
Jefferson bought Louisiana Territory for $15 Million
The constitution did not site that the president could buy territory and Jefferson was a strong supporter in that the president could only act to powers specifically given to him. However Louisiana was to rich to give up and thus he argued that the new land was needed for his agrarian republic
Incorporating Louisiana
Louisiana got French civil law instead of English common law
Texas and the Struggle for Mexican Independence
Spain objected in vain to the sale of Louisiana as it left the northern border of Mexico buffered with only Texas, which was already settled by some Americans
When Napoleon invaded Spain and installed his brother on the thrown, fighting erupted= Spain's new world empire began to slip away
Republicans in Mexico battled with royalists
American and Mexican's invade Texas and declare it independent
Renewed Imperial Rivalry In North America
French and British Rivalry would cause problems for America both on the high seas and on the nations western borders
Problems with Neutral Rights
Britain frowned upon American merchants trying to trade with the French
British also practiced impressment and even conversion to an American citizen (naturalization papers) could not stop the impressment.
Leopard vs. Chesapeake= killing, 3 wounding 18 to get four deserters
The Embargo Act
The American navy could not challenge the Royal navy= Jefferson enacted a boycott of British goods in hopes that British manufacturers would pressure parliament to stop impressing Americans
In desperation Jefferson banns all foreign trade to deny France and Britain raw materials= American disastor= Federalist uprising as America couldn't challenge Britain due to Jefferson's cuts to the navy
No effect on Britain or France
France seized American ships
Britain developed new markets in South America
Jefferson ends his second term- followed by Madison
Congress repeals the Embargo Act
A Contradictory Indian Policy
Jefferson believed that the Indians would cede their lands and learn how to farm
Jefferson sent out missionaries= divided FNP between Christian and pagans
However most white settlers just barged in and when attacked called in for military help= a cycle
Indian Resistance
Black Hoof accepted missionaries
Tecumseh with his prophet brother, gave rebirth to the resistance
Tecumseh believed in common land, therefore no one group could sign a treaty to give it away as it believed to all FNP
Tippecanoe, non-conclusive fighting which led to FNP attacks in Michigan
Tecumseh signs formal alliance with British
The War of 1812
Settlers blamed British for Tecumseh's attacks
Upset of British aggression on the seas
The War Hawks
Democratic Republicans, hated all British intervention
Supported expansion
Federalists opposed war with Britain
The Campaign against Canada
Hull was repulsed by Canadian and FNP
British capture Detroit and Chicago
American's burn York
British lose Lake Erie= lose Detroit
British retreat from Detroit and our pursued by the Americans= Battle of Thames, Tecumseh dies, Americans win
New England refuse to help
War in the South
Red Sticks allied with Britain and Spain fought Americans and other FNP
Andrew Jackson, beat the Red Sticks but failed to take Florida
Andrew Jackson beat the British at New Orleans
The Naval War
British burn Washington
British supremacy
The Hartford Convention
Federalists from New England talk about seceding from the union (Hartford Convention)
The Hartford Convention in the end only listed grievances and stated that the state had the right to oppose unconstitutional federal authority (like the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves, opposing the Alien and Sedition Acts)
Ignored as war was about to end
The Treaty of Ghent
Impressment and neutral rights were not addressed
British agree to evacuate their western posts and abandon there insistence on a neutral Indian state
When British abandon the FNP they wither and die
Defining New Boundaries
After the war of 1812 Americans turn there attention to boundaries
This time period illustrates the sectional split
Another Westward Surges
In 1790 95% of the population lived on the seaboard in 1820 only 75% did
Population in 1800 was 5.3 million, in 1820 pop was 9.6 million
Tecumseh's alliance broken= westward expansion possible
The land ordinance priced western lands too high except for speculators
Reality forced Congress to enact land laws favorable to the small farmer
Squatters- people who settled unsold land, and then claimed pre-emption, the right to purchase the land at a lower price as they made improvements to the land
Due to the migration routes Northerners moved to the Old Northwest, and vice-versa
More than half the migrants in the south were slaves
The Second Great Awakening of the Frontier
Began in New England but spread
Most powerful in the west as the church there was weak
Camp meetings
Provided people to get to know each other
Women were majority as they found new moral and social consequence
The Election of 1816
James Monroe (Democratic Republican) won easily
Last time the Federalist's ran a candidate, but Democratic Republican values were know Federalist values.
Monroe's presidency was known as the "Era of Good Feelings"
Monroe took in both DM and FED into his cabinet
Monroe broke with traditional DM (Jefferson) values and started to promote industry, chartering a national bank and national network of roads and canals (Hamilton's vision)= Federalists were willing to join Monroe
In 1816 Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States for twenty years. (the DM"s had allowed the first bank's charter to expire in 1811)
To provide large scale financing that state banks couldn't
The fact that the DM allowed this was a sign that commercial interests now rivaled farming interests
TheTariff was to protect American industries as after the end of the Embargo Act British industries flooded the market with below priced products to stifle American industry
Madison and Monroe both supported interstate roads
Congressmen wanted federal funding for independent state roads- Monroe considered this unconstitutional
The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams
JQA was Monroe's vice president
Signed treaties with Britain establishing the 49th parallel border
Agreed to jointly occupy Oregon
The Transcontinental Treaty was JQA's legacy
In 1818 General Andrew Jackson led a raid to crush the Seminole Indians who were raiding American settlements, however Jackson also invaded Florida
Showed that Spain was weak= able to negotiate Florida and remove Spanish claims to Louisiana, in return America renounces claims to texas and pays $5 million in claims US citizens had against Spain.
US was the first country outside Latin American to recognize the newly independent countries
When Spain, France, Austria, Russia and Prussia began to plot to re-conquer Spain's empire only Britain kept them from executing there plan, not the Monroe Doctrine
Also coninced Russia to accept 54,40 as a Pacific border
The Panic of 1819
When Napoleonic Wars ended Britain resumed trade= Americans shipping boom ended
European farms recovered= Less demand for American food
Speculators buying on credit borrowed excessively from state banks= Bank of United States forced state banks to foreclose on many bad loans
Many state banks ruined along with their creditors most blamed the Bank of the United States- Andrew Jackson would turn this sentiment into a political movement
Urban workers were hit by the decline in shipping and manufacturing and blamed their woes on merchants- Andrew Jackson would turn this to into a political movement
The Missouri Compromise
Land Ordinance banned slavery in the Old Northwest
As migration was lateral northerners didn't run into southerners= no conflict, until they ran into each other in Missouri
South wanted Missouri's vote in the senate as the North was more populated= control of congress
The balance of south and north was maintained with Maine coming into the union= Missouri stayed slave
Slavery was not allowed above 36,30 the southern border of Missouri
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