North American Regions
Impressive similarities between the Indian cultures: general adaptation to European culture
Indian America
Became more independent on European goods
During American Revolution they asserted independence
Played off each the powers, tried to be neutral
French had better relations as they had no expansion plans, however French could be just as ruthless
Most Indian alliances with French were result of British fear of expansion
Indians lost most of their people, Europeans didn't
Indians benefited from the horse
The Spanish Borderlands
New Spain was the must prosperous colony, however Spain in North America was poor
In Florida, competition for St. Augustine between Brits and Spanish=good relations with Indians in Florida
St. Augustine also had large black population as it was the destination for many slaves
In New Mexico, the population was poor but expanding, as was Louisiana
California was deadly
Religion played a big role in all the colonies
The French Crescent
In New France religion and state were the same
Thinly populated
New Orleans was the most profitable colony
French colony of inclusion=women get property rights, metis, and Indian clothes
New England
Puritan Government
All male churchgoers were voters=all laws were mad by religion
Not tolerable to other religions
Roger Williams (Rhode Island) argued for toleration
John Locke argued for toleration=Toleration Act=other religions in New England
French and Hurons in the north=no settlement up there
The Middle Colonies
New York was the most ethnically diverse
Rich landowners choose to rent versus sell=Pennsylvania more attractive
Quakers who ran Pennsylvania were tolerant vs. Puritans in New England
In Pennsylvania land was sold in individual lots vs. communal plots
In Pennsylvania people moved around more than in New England=settlement of the individual=basis for future expansion
The Backcountry
Modest lifestyle
Disdain for rank
The South
White, black, and Indians
Most of the population was black slaves
Plantation was the institution for social life in Charleston
Charleston grew rice
In the Chesapeake tobacco was grown=smaller plots=more diverse mosaic of farmers
Growing racial solidarity between whites
Traditional Culture in the New World
Due submission for the general good
Traditional farming vs. plantation farming
Traditional farms diversified (self sufficient) plantation or commercial farming wasn't
Guilds in cities
Few opportunities for women, however some did take on husbands work after their death
The Frontier Heritage
Labor was in short supply as people could own their own farms easily
In Spanish colonies people had Apache slaves
Quebec slaves worked with workers
Wages for free workers were very high=most unskilled work done by slaves
Half of the migrants to 13 colonies were slaves
Indentured servants common to
Convicts were also sent from Britain
Bad conditions
Diverging Social and Political Patterns
In the 18th century the three empires grew sharply away from each other
Population Growth
Big population boom
High fertility rate
Infant mortality down
Different immigration policies led to English boom
Everyone allowed into the colonies
Social Class
Attempts to establish the class structure failed in the New World
Land monopolies (New York) where large landowners owned the land were established, however people had access to cheap land for themselves (Pennsylvania) that few people settled on them
North America had an economic not aristocratic hierarchy
New France has the Seigneurs
New Spain rank is based on race
In Catholic cultures people of title were from European nobility, while Brits celebrated social mobility=people worked towards new class
Economic Growth and Increasing Inequality
In Catholic colonies bureaucracy stifled economic growth while in 13 colonies business boomed
British Colonies increasing economic inequality as all money in rich hands
Land became more expensive in British colonies
Less land, hemmed in by French and Indians
Land was divided up into parts for heirs=smaller plots=farm the land harder for $$=soil exhaustion=need more land
As a result more poor people
Contrasts in Colonial Politics
Catholic colonies were very centralized vs. British system
Local assemblies in British colonies (voted from freemen)
Assemblies controlled $$ therefore controlled colony
The Cultural Transformation of British North America
Marked with increasing ethnic diversity, economic growth and social tensions
Ideas of the Enlightenment reach BNA vs. Catholic suppression of new ideas in their colonies
The Enlightenment Challenge
People weren't born into position
Locke wanted rights for people vs. government
Enlightenment appealed to those who had bettered themselves in society
Enlightenment spread in BNA cause most people were literate vs. Catholic colonies had low literacy rates=Enlightenment didn't spread
Wealth led to the creation of a "cultured" class=thought about the enlightenment
A Decline in Religious Devotion
New ideas=decline in old ideas (religion)
Opposed Calvinism (church idea) that people were predestined liked Arminianism instead ( you worked your way to heaven)
The Great Awakening
Church began to favor rich merchants (they were the ones who were into enlightenment)
Edwards, preacher led emotional sermons to get poor people back to church
Preached purity, no decadence
One of the first national events in history
Children begin to attend church
Great Awakening Politics
Great Awakening applied more to those who weren't rich (therefore didn't believe in enlightenment as they had not bettered themselves"
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