- Triumph of democracy
- Elimination of property qualifications for voting
- Enfranchisement of wage-earning men
- Popular pressures behind
- Uneven pace of, state by state
- Dorr War
- Elements of democracy
- Mass participation in politics
- Liveliness of the public sphere
- Democracy as "habit of the heart" (Alexis de Tocqueville)
- Democracy as hallmark of American freedom
- Democratic ideal as radical departure in Western thought
- Boundaries of the political nation
- Inclusion of laboring white men, immigrants
- Exclusion of women, non-whites
- Shift in criteria from economic status to natural capacity
- Information revolution
- Manifestations
- Mass circulation of "penny press"
- Variety of popular publications
- "Alternative" newspapers
- Contributing factors
- New printing technologies
- Low postal rates
- Rise of political party organizations
- New style of journalism
- Manifestations
- Women and public sphere
- Areas of involvement
- Areas of exclusion
- Racial democracy
- Growing equation of democracy and whiteness
- Rise of racist stereotypes
- Contraction of black rights
- Elimination of property qualifications for voting
- Nationalism and its discontents
- The American System
- Underlying vision
- Enhancement of nation's financial, transportation, and manufacturing sectors
- Active role of federal government
- Leading architects
- Henry Clay
- John C. Calhoun
- Precursors
- Congressional approval of National Road
- Gallatin plan for federal road and canal construction
- 1815 blueprint
- National bank
- Tariff on imported manufactured goods
- "Internal improvements" (road and canals)
- Outcome
- Enactment of tariff
- Chartering of Second Bank of the United States ("Bank")
- Veto of internal improvements
- Underlying vision
- Functions and mission of Bank
- Panic of 1819
- Causes
- Post-war speculative fever
- Markets for American cotton and grain
- Land boom in West
- Easy credit from local banks and Bank
- Ebbing demand for American exports, land
- Post-war speculative fever
- Material repercussions
- Mass bankruptcy
- Rising unemployment
- Political repercussions
- Growing popular distrust of banks
- State measures to protect debtors, challenge Bank
- McCulloch v. Maryland
- Causes
- Missouri controversy
- Narrative
- Missouri quest for statehood
- Tallmadge proposal limiting slavery
- Stalemate
- First Missouri Compromise
- Dual admission of Missouri and Maine
- Prohibition of slavery above 36°30'
- Second Missouri Compromise
- Significance
- Sectional conflict amid "Era of Good Feelings"
- Harbinger of future crises over slavery
- Narrative
- The American System
- Nation, section, and party
- Monroe Doctrine
- Background
- Latin American rebellions against Spanish colonial rule
- Establishment of independent Latin American nations
- Principles
- No further European colonization in Americas
- Noninterference by European powers in Latin American republics
- Noninvolvement of United States in European wars
- Motivations
- Background
- Election of 1824
- Candidates and their constituencies
- Andrew Jackson
- John Quincy Adams
- William H. Crawford
- Henry Clay
- Outcome
- Attainment by Jackson of first place in popular vote
- Attainment by Adams of electoral vote majority (in House)
- Charges of "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Clay
- Candidates and their constituencies
- Presidency of Adams
- Background on Adams
- Vision for nation
- Domestic
- American System
- Activist national state
- Foreign
- Dynamic commerce around world
- U.S. hegemony in Western Hemisphere
- Domestic
- Achievements
- Acceleration of internal
- Increase in tariff
- Gathering Jacksonian challenge
- Themes
- Individual liberty
- States' rights
- Limited government
- Mobilization of Democratic party
- Martin Van Buren's approach to party politics
- Quest for revived Jeffersonian coalition
- Themes
- Election of 1828
- Old politics (Adams) vs. new politics (Jackson)
- Scurrilous campaigning
- Jackson's victory
- Affirmation of a new American politics
- Monroe Doctrine
- Age of Jackson
- Contradictions of Andrew Jackson
- New mode of politics
- Political contests as public spectacle, mass entertainment
- Politicians as popular heroes
- The party machine
- Source of jobs for constituents
- Mobilizer of voter turnout
- "Spoils system"
- National party conventions
- Party newspapers
- The Democratic party
- Agenda and philosophy
- Concern over gulf between social classes
- Aversion to federal promotion of economic development, "special interests"
- Vision of broad access to self-regulating market
- Belief in limits on federal power
- Counterposing of "producing classes" and "non-producers"
- Individual morality as private concern
- Bases of support
- Farmers remote from markets
- Urban workers
- Aspiring entrepreneurs
- Catholic and immigrants
- South and West
- Agenda and philosophy
- The Whig party
- Agenda and philosophy
- Receptiveness to hierarchy of social classes
- Federal promotion of economic development; "American System"
- Individual morality as public concern
- Bases of support
- Established businessmen and bankers
- Market-oriented farmers
- Large planters
- Evangelical Protestants
- Northeast
- Agenda and philosophy
- Nullification crisis
- Growing concern of southern planters over national authority
- 1828 "tariff of abominations"
- Emergence of "nullification" threat
- South Carolina planter elite
- Vice President Calhoun
- "States' rights" vs. "liberty and union"
- Climax and resolution
- 1832 tariff
- Repudiation by South Carolina
- Enactment of Force Bill by Congress
- Engineering of compromise by Clay
- Indian removal
- Ongoing displacement
- 1832 defeat of Black Hawk in Old Northwest (Illinois)
- 1820s expulsion of Indians from Missouri
- 1830 Indian Removal Act
- Provision for removal of "Five Civilized Tribes" from southern states
- Support from Jackson
- Implications
- Repudiation of Jeffersonian idea of assimilation
- Rebuff of Indian efforts to assimilate
- Cherokee appeals to Congress, courts
- Mixed response from Supreme Court
- Johnson v. M'Intosh
- Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
- Worcester v. Georgia
- Jackson defiance of Supreme Court
- Trail of Tears
- Responses of remaining southern tribes
- Widespread acquiescence, voluntary departure
- Resistance by Seminoles
- Leadership of Osceola
- Assistance from fugitive slaves
- Second Seminole War
- William Apess's A Son of the Forest
- Receding of Indian presence east of the Mississippi
- Ongoing displacement
- Bank War
- Background
- Bank as controversial symbol of market revolution
- Nicholas Biddle and the Bank
- View of Bank as union of political authority and economic privilege
- Jackson vs. Bank
- 1832 bill extending Bank charter
- Veto by Jackson
- Significance
- Populist themes of veto message
- Affirmation of presidential power
- Aftermath
- Sweeping reelection of Jackson
- Gradual death of Bank
- Shift of government funds to local banks
- Victory of "soft-money" over "hard-money" Jacksonians
- "Pet banks"
- Expansion of paper currency
- Speculative boom
- Decline in real wages
- Background
- Post-Jackson era
- Panic of 1837 and subsequent depression
- Causes
- Specie Circular
- Bank of England demand for repayment in gold or silver
- Economic downturn in Britain
- Material repercussions
- Business failures
- Farmers' loss of land
- Urban unemployment
- Collapse of labor movement
- Defaults on state debts
- Causes
- Economic policy under Van Buren administration
- Ascendancy of hard-money Democrats
- Shift of government funds from pet banks to Independent Treasury
- Split within Democratic party
- Election of 1840
- Fragmenting of Democratic coalition
- Maturation of Whig party
- Adoption of Democratic party methods of organization
- Nomination of William Henry Harrison
- "Log Cabin" campaign
- Harrison's defeat of Van Buren
- Death of Harrison
- Presidency of John Tyler
- Veto of Whig's American System program
- Whig repudiation of Tyler
- Weakness of Tyler without party backing
- Panic of 1837 and subsequent depression