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Radioactivity

Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy Notes

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Radioactive Decay Activation Energy (Ea): The threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction Electromagnetic Radiation: Radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum Radioisotope: a radioactive isotope Many nuclei are radioactive Radioactive: Refers to a nucleus that spontaneously decomposes to form a different nucleus Over 85% of all known nuclides are radioactive Nuclear Equation: an equation representing radioactive decay Types of Radioactive (Nuclear) Decay (The spontaneous decomposition of a nucleus to form a different nucleus): Alpha Decay Alpha () particle shoots out from nucleus equivalent to helium-4 Beta Decay Beta () particle shoots out from nucleus equivalent to an electron Gamma Decay

Holt Earth Science Chapter 12, Section 12.3

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Dating With Radioactivity It is possible to measure numerical values for the age of Earth?s geologic activities - in billions and millions of years - by using radiometric dating. A. Reviewing Basic Atomic Structure An atom has a nucleus with protons (positive) and neutrons (proton+electron combined = neutral) orbited by electrons (negative charge). Atomic Number = number of protons in the nucleus; each element?s Atomic Number differs. Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons. 99.9% of an atom?s mass is in the nucleus - electrons have hardly any mass. By adding together the number of protons and neutrons, the atomic mass of an atom is obtained. The number of neutrons varies (called isotopes; have different atomic masses).

Chemistry Study Guide

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Chemistry Final Study Guide Chapter 1- Matter and Change Chemistry - is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes. Chemical ? any substance with a definite composition. Mass ? measure of the amount of matter Matter ? anything that takes up space Atom ? the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element Element - pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, substances and is made of one type of atom Compound ? a substance that can be broken down into simple stable substances. Each compound is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded

Basic Biochemistry

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AP Biology Biochemistry

Atomic Structures Atoms are basic units of matter Protons (+1) , Neutrons (0), Electrons (-1) Depending on their energy levels, they are in different states. Ground state: At lowest possible potential energy. Excited state: At any state where the system is at higher than the minimum. Isotopes: atoms of one element that vary in neutrons. Are all chemically identical Radioisotopes: decay at a rate known as half-life, often used in medicine. Tracers: used to TRACE certain chemicals in natural pathways Ex: Iodine (radioactive) to give information about thyroid gland metabolism. Bonding In biology, the two main types are Ionic and Covalent Ionic Bonds Transfer of electrons Receiver is called anion (a negative ion) Donor is called the cation Covalent Bonds

Radioactive Decay

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Define the following terms: Stable- Not likely to change or fail; firmly established Unstable- Prone to change, fail, or give way; not stable Radioactive Decay- The process in which a radioactive nucleus emits (gives off) radiation and changes to a different isotope or element. A number of different particles can be emitted by decay. The most typical are alpha, beta particles, and gamma rays. Radio Isotope- The process in which a radioactive nucleus emits (gives off) radiation and changes to a different isotope or element. A number of different particles can be emitted by decay. The most typical are alpha, beta particles, and gamma rays. Daughter Element- an element that results from the radioactive decay of another element.

Alpha and Beta Particles

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Alpha and Beta particles can be both emitted and bombarded with other elements. If a beta particle is a emitted then the original element gains a proton. If a Alpha particle is emitted then the original element looses two protons. And vice versa if the particle is bombared.
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