Motivation

�     Motivation- a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

�     Instinct- complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

�     Drive-Reduction Theory- the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

�     Homeostasis- 1. tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state 2. regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

�     Incentives- a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

�     Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

Self-actualization needs Need to live up one’s fullest and unique potential

Esteem needs

Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others

Belongingness and love needs

Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation

Safety needs

Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

Physiological needs

Need to satisfy hunger and thirst.

�     begins with physiological needs that must be satisfied

�     the higher-level safety needs become active

�     then psychological needs become active

Motivation-Hnuger

�     Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

�     Glucose

�     the form of sugar that circulates in the blood

�     provides the major source of energy for body tissues

�     when its level is low, we feel hunger

�     Set Point

�     the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set

�     when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

�     Metabolic Rate- body’s base rate of energy expenditure

�     The  hypothalamus  controls eating and other body maintenance functions

Eating Disorders

�     Anorexia Nervosa

�     When a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

�     Usually and adolescent female

�     When a person weighs less than 85% of their normal body weight

�     95% of sufferers are female

�     most are between the ages of 18-30

�     30% of persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa die

�     Bulimia Nervosa

�     Disorder characterized by private “binge-purge” episodes of overeating, usually of high caloric foods, followed by vomiting or laxative use

Sexual Motivation

�     Sex is a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values

�     Sexual Response Cycle

�     The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson

1.    Excitement

2.    Plateau

3.    Orgasm

4.    Resolution

�     Refractory Period- resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

�     Estrogen- a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males

�     Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation:

�     Imaginative stimuli

�     External stimuli

�     Physiological readiness

�     Sexual Disorders- problems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning

�     In Men

�     Premature ejaculation- ejaculation before they or their partners wish

�     Impotence- inability to have or maintain erection

�     In Women

�     Orgasmic disorder-  infrequent or absent orgasms

�     Sexual Orientation- an enduring sexual attraction toward members of wither one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)

Motivation

�     Achievement Motivation- a desire for significant accomplishment

�     For mastery of things, people, or ideas

�     For attaining a high standard

�     McClelland and Atkinson believed fantasies would reflect achievement concerns

�     Intrinsic Motivation- desire to perform a behavior for its own sake or to be effective

�     Extrinsic Motivation-  desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment