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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 5 Flashcards

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

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422024001macromoleculesfour main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)0
422024002polymerlarge molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together1
422024003monomera simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers2
422024004enzymesproteins that act as biological catalysts3
422024005dehydration reactionA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.4
422024006hydrolysisa chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water5
423143107carbohydratescompound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body6
423143108aldosea monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal7
423143109ketoseany monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal8
423143110disaccharidea sugar formed from two monosaccharides9
423143111glycosidic linkagea covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction10
423143112polysaccharideany of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules11
423143113starcha complex carbohydrate found chiefly in plants12
423143114amyloseunbranched form of starch, connected by alpha 1-4 linkages13
423143115amylopectinbranched form of starch, connected by alpha 1-6 linkages14
423143116glycogenan extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch15
423143117cellulosepolysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls, never branched and has beta linkages16
423143118chitincomplex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods17
423143119lipidsenergy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, hydrophobic18
423143120fatconstructed from glycerol and fatty acids19
423143121fatty acidsunbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids20
423143122triglycerideA type of lipid in which the macromolecule is composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule21
423159564trans fatthe fat that results when unsaturated fats are synthetically converted to saturated fats to prevent the separation of lipids (margarine and peanut butter are examples); this process produces saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds22
423159565phospholipidsA molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.23
423159566steroidslipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings24
423159567cholesterolA steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, synthesized in the liver and obtained from diet25
423159568catalystssubstance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself or permanently changed26
423159569proteinscontains carbon, hydrogen, oxyge, and nitrogen. source of energy. needed by tissue for repair and growth. made up of 20 amino acids.27
423159570polypeptidespolymers of amino acids28
423159571amino acidsbuilding blocks of proteins29
423159572peptide bondthe chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid30
423159573primary structureThe level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.31
423159574secondary structureRegions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone, alpha helix or beta pleated sheet32
423159575tertiary structurethe overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the side chains33
423159576quaternary structureAssociation of multiple polypeptides, forming a functional protein34
423159577disulfide bridgesStrong covalent bonds formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer35
423159578collagenA protein fiber with a unique triple-helix that gives it great strength. e.g. bone, tendons, ligaments, etc.36
423159579sickle cell anemiaA human genetic disease of red blood cells caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; it is the most common inherited disease among African Americans.37
423159580chaperoninsprotein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins38
423159581genea segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain39
423159582nucleic acidmacromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus40
423159583DNAdouble stranded and shaped like a double helix, stores hereditary information41
423159584RNAsingle-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose, various functions during gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes42
423159585nucleotidesBasic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases43
423159586pyrimidinea nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil44
423159587purinenitrogeneous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms such as adenine and guanine, a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine45

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