The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
422024001 | macromolecules | four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) | 0 | |
422024002 | polymer | large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together | 1 | |
422024003 | monomer | a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers | 2 | |
422024004 | enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts | 3 | |
422024005 | dehydration reaction | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. | 4 | |
422024006 | hydrolysis | a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water | 5 | |
423143107 | carbohydrates | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body | 6 | |
423143108 | aldose | a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal | 7 | |
423143109 | ketose | any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal | 8 | |
423143110 | disaccharide | a sugar formed from two monosaccharides | 9 | |
423143111 | glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction | 10 | |
423143112 | polysaccharide | any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules | 11 | |
423143113 | starch | a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in plants | 12 | |
423143114 | amylose | unbranched form of starch, connected by alpha 1-4 linkages | 13 | |
423143115 | amylopectin | branched form of starch, connected by alpha 1-6 linkages | 14 | |
423143116 | glycogen | an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch | 15 | |
423143117 | cellulose | polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls, never branched and has beta linkages | 16 | |
423143118 | chitin | complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods | 17 | |
423143119 | lipids | energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, hydrophobic | 18 | |
423143120 | fat | constructed from glycerol and fatty acids | 19 | |
423143121 | fatty acids | unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids | 20 | |
423143122 | triglyceride | A type of lipid in which the macromolecule is composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule | 21 | |
423159564 | trans fat | the fat that results when unsaturated fats are synthetically converted to saturated fats to prevent the separation of lipids (margarine and peanut butter are examples); this process produces saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds | 22 | |
423159565 | phospholipids | A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. | 23 | |
423159566 | steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings | 24 | |
423159567 | cholesterol | A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, synthesized in the liver and obtained from diet | 25 | |
423159568 | catalysts | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself or permanently changed | 26 | |
423159569 | proteins | contains carbon, hydrogen, oxyge, and nitrogen. source of energy. needed by tissue for repair and growth. made up of 20 amino acids. | 27 | |
423159570 | polypeptides | polymers of amino acids | 28 | |
423159571 | amino acids | building blocks of proteins | 29 | |
423159572 | peptide bond | the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid | 30 | |
423159573 | primary structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids. | 31 | |
423159574 | secondary structure | Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone, alpha helix or beta pleated sheet | 32 | |
423159575 | tertiary structure | the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the side chains | 33 | |
423159576 | quaternary structure | Association of multiple polypeptides, forming a functional protein | 34 | |
423159577 | disulfide bridges | Strong covalent bonds formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer | 35 | |
423159578 | collagen | A protein fiber with a unique triple-helix that gives it great strength. e.g. bone, tendons, ligaments, etc. | 36 | |
423159579 | sickle cell anemia | A human genetic disease of red blood cells caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; it is the most common inherited disease among African Americans. | 37 | |
423159580 | chaperonins | protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins | 38 | |
423159581 | gene | a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain | 39 | |
423159582 | nucleic acid | macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus | 40 | |
423159583 | DNA | double stranded and shaped like a double helix, stores hereditary information | 41 | |
423159584 | RNA | single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose, various functions during gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes | 42 | |
423159585 | nucleotides | Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases | 43 | |
423159586 | pyrimidine | a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil | 44 | |
423159587 | purine | nitrogeneous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms such as adenine and guanine, a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine | 45 |