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AP Human Geography Chapter 11 Vocab Flashcards

AP Human Geography

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1219655550organic agricultureapproach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicieds, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs
1219655551agriculturethe purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber
1219655552primary economic activityeconomic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment; such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture
1219655553secondary economic activityeconomic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector
1219655554tertiary economic activityeconomic activity associated with the provision fo services (transportation, banking, retailing, education, routine, office-based jobs)
1219655555quaternary economic activityservice sector industires concerned with the collection, processing, and manipuation of information and capital (finance, administration, insurance, legal services)
1219655556quinary economic activityservice sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge skill (scientific research, high-level management)
1219655557plant domesticatongenetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention
1219655558root cropscrops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants
1219655559seed cropscrop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants
1219655560First Agricultural RevolutionDating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
1219655561animal domesticationgenetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control
1219655562subsistence agricultureself sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology & emphasizes food production for local consumption, not trade
1219655563shifting cultivationcultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegitation has been removed by cutting and burning
1219655564slash-and-burn agriculturesee shifting cultivation; cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegitation has been removed by cutting and burning
1219655565Second Agricultural Revolutiondovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce
1219655566von Thunen modelA model that explains the location of agricultureal activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market
1219655567Third Agricultural RevolutionCurrently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)
1219655568Green Revolutionthe development of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe.
1219655569Genetically modified organismscrops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods
1219655570rectangular survey systemAlso called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.
1219655571township and range systemA rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.
1219655572metes and bounds systemA system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system.
1219655573longlot survey systemdistinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Luisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals
1219655574primogenituresystem where the eldest son in a family, or in exceptional cases, a daughter inherits all of the parent's land
1219655575commercial agricultureterm used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor fores, and the latest technoloty
1219655576monoculturedependence on a single agricultural commodity
1219655577Koppen climatic classification systemDeveloped by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitatiion
1219655578climatic regionsAreas of the world with similar climatic characteristics
1219655579plantation agricultureProduction system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives
1219655580luxury cropsNon-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco
1219655581livestock ranchingthe raising of domesticated animals for the produciton of meat and byproducts (leather, wool)
1219655582Mediterranean agriculturespecialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails (grapes, olives, figs, citrus, fruits, dates, et al0
1219655583agribusinessGeneral term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry

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