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Water

chemistry of water - no organism can survive/reproduce w/o water  

  • carries no net charge or unpaired electrons
  • can form weak chemical associations w/ a fraction of covalent bonds' strength
  • oxygen atom portion has partial negative charge
  • hydrogen atoms portion have partial positive charge
  • polar molecules - has charge separation and partially charged poles
  • hydrogen bonds - very weak bonds that last for a short while between hydrogen atoms
  • cohesion - attraction between water molecules
  • adhesion - attraction between water molecules and other molecules
  • surface tension - causes water to cling together, allowing some insects to walk on it
  • capillary action - water rises in very narrow tubes due to adhesion

heat storage in water - temperature measures how fast the molecules move  

  • specific heat - energy needed to change 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C
  • heats up more slowly than most compounds, holds heat longer
  • heat of vaporization - energy needed to change 1 gram of liquid into gas
  • 586 calories needed to change 1 gram of water into water vapor; causes cooling on the surface
  • ice is less dense than liquid water because hydrogen atoms space out the molecules

water as a solvent - forms hydrogen bonds to break up ions or polar molecules  

  • hydration shell - formed around molecules to prevent it from associating with other molecules of its kind
  • hydrophobic - nonpolar molecules that don't form hydrogen bonds w/ water
  • hydrophilic - molecules that readily form hydrogen bonds w/ water
  • hydrophobic exclusion - tendency for nonpolar molecules to group together in water

ionization - separationg of H20 into hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion  

  • ph scale - based on the hydrogen ion concentration
  • each ph level is 10 times as much acidic/basic than the surrounding levels
  • acids - increases hydrogen ion concentration; ph values below 7
  • bases - lowers hydrogen ion concentration; ph values above 7
  • buffer - minimalizes pH changes; acts as a resevoir for hydrogen ions
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