fungi - studied by mycologists
- divided into chytrids, zygomycetes, basidiomycetes, asomycetes
- more closely related to animals than plants
- heterotrophs that live on their food (secretes digestive enzymes)
- hydrolytic enzymes - breaks down food, lets hyphae grow into food
- multicellular fungi consist of hyphae (long/slender filaments)
- dikaryon stage - in sexually reproducing fungi
- 2 haploid cells coexist in a single cell for a short period of time
- chitin in cell walls
- mitosis takes place within nucleus (envelope doesn’t dissolve), like protists
fungus structure - made up of hyphae
- hyphae - made up of cell chains divided by septa (cross-walls)
- technically still considered a single cell
- cytoplasm flows freely through filament >> easy for growth
- only grows in length
- haustoria - penetrates land, stays outside
- mycelium - mass of hyphae
- hyphae rapidly expands >> reproductive structures form quickly
- spindle apparatus forms within nucleus
- no centrioles used
fungi reproduction - cells can hold more than 1 nucleus
- monokaryotic - 1 nucleus
- dikaryotic - 2 haploid nuclei (exists independently of each other)
- heterokaryotic - hyphae w/ nuclei from distinct individuals
- homokaryotic - hyphae w/ genetically similar nuclei
- can produce sexual/asexual spores
- hyphae fuse in sexual reproduction
- reproductive structures closed off from rest of fugae by septa w/ blocked pores
- small spore size >> ability to be suspended in air >> rapid spread of disease
fungi metabolism - absorbs food through external digestion
- unicellular fungi have greatest SA-to-volume ratio among fungi >> max absorption area
- can digest lignin/cellulose from plant cell walls, nematodes
- used to make fermented goods (soy sauce, miso, wine, cheeses)
- yeast - unicellular fungi
- breaks down glucose to ethanol, carbon dioxide
- able to break down any compound w/ carbon in presence of water
- bioremediation - using organisms to degrade toxins, clean the environment
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