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AP Biology Chapter Outlines & Objectives
Campbell’s Biology,
7th Edition Created by: C. Massengale, Stuttgart School District Chapter Outline:
Chapter Objectives:
An Overview of Cell Signaling
1. Describe the basic signal-transduction
pathway used for mating in yeast. Explain why we believe these pathways evolved
before the first multicellular organisms appeared on Earth.
2. Define paracrine signaling and give an
example.
3. Define local regulation and explain why
hormones are not local regulators.
4. Explain how plant and animal hormones travel
to target cells.
5. List and briefly define the three stages of
cell signaling.
Signal Reception and the Initiation of Transduction
6. Describe the nature of a ligand-receptor
interaction and state how such interactions initiate a signal-transduction
system.
7. State where signal receptors may be located
in target cells.
8. Compare and contrast G-protein-linked
receptors, tyrosine-kinase receptors, and ligand-gated ion channels.
Signal-Transduction Pathways
9. Describe two advantages of using a multistep
pathway in the transduction stage of cell signaling.
10. Explain how the original signal molecule can produce a
cellular response when it may not even enter the target cell.
11. Describe how phosphorylation propagates signal
information.
12. Explain why a single cell may require hundreds of
different protein kinases.
13. Explain how protein phosphatases turn off
signal-transduction pathways.
14. Define the term second messenger. Briefly describe the
role of these molecules in signaling pathways.
15. Describe how cyclic AMP is formed and how it propagates
signal information in target cells.
16. Explain how the cholera bacterium causes the symptoms of
cholera by disrupting G-protein-signaling pathways.
17. Describe how the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ can be
altered and how the increased pool of Ca2+ is involved with signal transduction.
Cellular Responses to Signals
18. Describe how signal information is transduced into
cellular responses in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus.
19. Describe how signal amplification is accomplished in
target cells.
20. Explain why different types of cells may respond
differently to the same signal molecule.
21. Explain how scaffolding proteins help to coordinate a
cell’s response to incoming signals.
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