evolution - genetic change in populations
- mutation - changes in genetic message of cell
- fitness - organism’s tendency to produce more offspring
- individuals w/ better genes more able to survive, pass down genes
- natural selection - environmental conditions determine the characteristics of a population
- major force that guides formation of new species, genetic change
- frequency - proportion of individuals w/ a certain trait relative to total number of individuals
Hardy-Weinberg principle - used to calculate/predict allelic frequencies
- based on data for 1 or 2 frequencies
- p = frequency of dominant allele
- q = frequency of recessive allele
- p + q = 1
- p2 + 2 pq + q2 = 1
- assumptions - large population, random mating, no mutations, no migration, no selection pressure
selection pressures - factors that affect organisms, lead to selective reproduction
- selection - differential reproduction of phenotypes
- certain phenotypes passed down more often than others
- positive selection - genotypes for adaptive traits increase in frequency
- negative selection - genotypes for nonadaptive traits decrease in frequency
- can totally eliminate a certain trait from the entire population
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