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Cell

cytology - study of cellular structure/function  

  • uses light microscopy, electron microscopy, cell chemistry

prokaryotes - no nucleus or organelles  

  • organelles - structures of macromolecules w/ special functions
  • cytoplasm - liquid inside the plasma membrane
  • cell wall - surrounds the membrane, covered by a gelatinous capsule
  • appendages - flagella/pili; used for mov't and attachment
  • ribosomes - used for protein synthesis
  • mesosomes - internal extensions of membrane
  • chromatin bodies - DNA concentrations

Cyanobacteria - largest prokaryotes  

  • aka blue-green algae
  • thylakoids - green pigments for chloroplasts
  • mucilaginous sheath - surrounds cyanobacteria

eukaryotes - contain nuclei and organelles  

  • chloroplasts - where photosynthesis takes place; chlorophyll pigment gives it its green color
  • mitochondria - where aerobic respiration takes place; folds inward to form critae (where respiration enzymes are located)
  • protoplast - collective name for all material/organelles within the membrane

plant cells  

  • cellulose - carboyhydrate material in plant cell walls
  • central vacuole - contains mostly water, held together by cauolar membrane; takes up 90% of cell
  • nucleolus - dense, dark spot in the nucleus
  • cytoplasmic streaming (cyclosis) - mov't of chloroplasts due to cytoplasm
  • primary cell wall - outer part of cell wall
  • middle lamella - substance holding adjacent cell walls together
  • plasmodesmata - cytoplasmic strands penetrating the cell walls; links the protoplasms of adjacent cells

plastids - organelles where food is made  

  • mitochondria/chloroplasts are examples
  • amyloplasts - plastids that store starch; stains darkly w/ iodine

animal cells  

  • epithelial cells - from inner surface of mouth
  • have mitochondria in place of chloroplasts

protists - kingdom of eukaryotic, single-celled organisms  

  • amoeba - irregularly shaped protist
    • move w/ amoeboid mov't, using pseudopodia (temporary cell protrusions)
    • surrounds food particles to digest
    • contractile vacuole - gathers, expels water/waste
  • paramecium
    • gullet - where food enters
    • micro/macronucleus
    • cilia - hair-like appendages, used for mov't
Subject: 
Biology
Subject X2: 
Biology

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